Wastewater-based epidemiology generated forensic information: Amphetamine synthesis waste and its impact on a small sewage treatment plant
Wastewater-based epidemiology generated forensic information: Amphetamine synthesis waste and its impact on a small sewage treatment plant
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DOI：
10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.03.019
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发表时间：
2018-05-01
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
de Voogt, Pim
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Emke, Erik;Vughs, Dennis;de Voogt, Pim
对家庭废水进行化学分析可以发现非法药物的存在，这些药物要么被居民消费，要么直接排入下水道系统。在寻找一个小型家庭污水处理厂最近发生故障的原因时，在该厂的流入物中观察到异常高的安非他明负荷。怀疑是非法生产场地直接排放化学废物所致。非法制造安非他明造成大量化学废物。在这里，我们表明，飞倾倒的化学废物来自安非他明合成的小污水处理厂的集水区导致失败的处理过程。使用高分辨率质谱法对滥用药物进行的目标分析和非目标筛查提供了证据，证明存在苯丙胺，苯丙胺是通过特定的合成标记物由前体1-苯基丙-2-酮通过Leuckart工艺生产的。此外，确认了前前体3-氧代-2-苯基丁酰胺的身份和存在，并提出了途径特异性标记。这是第一项表明废水非目标筛选能够查明非法制造苯丙胺所用合成路线的中间体、杂质和副产品的研究。由此获得的化学品的配置文件可以用于在相应的下水道集水区内跟踪生产站点。(c)2018 Elsevier B. V.版权所有。
Chemical analysis of domestic wastewater can reveal the presence of illicit drugs either consumed by a population or directly discharged into the sewer system. In the search for causes of a recent malfunctioning of a small domestic wastewater treatment plant aberrantly high loads of amphetamine were observed in the influent of the plant. Direct discharges of chemical waste from illegal production sites were suspected to be the cause. Illegal manufacturing of amphetamines creates substantial amounts of chemical waste. Here we show that fly-tipping of chemical waste originating from an amphetamine synthesis in the catchment of a small sewage treatment plant resulted in failure of the treatment process. Target analysis of drugs of abuse and non-target screening using high resolution mass spectrometry provided evidence for the presence of amphetamine produced from the precursor 1-phenylpropan-2-one by the Leuckart process through specific synthesis markers. Furthermore the identity and presence of the pre-precursor 3-oxo-2-phenylbutanamide was confirmed and a route specific marker was proposed. This is the first study that demonstrates that non-target screening of wastewater can identify intermediates, impurities and by products of the synthesis routes used in illegal manufacturing of amphetamine. The profiles of chemicals thus obtained can be used in tracking productions sites within the corresponding sewer catchment. (c) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.