Rethinking Subthreshold Effects in Regulatory Chemical Risk Assessments
Rethinking Subthreshold Effects in Regulatory Chemical Risk Assessments
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DOI：
10.1021/acs.est.2c02896
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发表时间：
2022-07-25
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Calabrese, Edward J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Agathokleous, Evgenios;Barcelo, Damia;Calabrese, Edward J.
大量的剂量反应研究表明，毒物兴奋效应是一种常见现象，发生在暴露于单一或组合环境压力源的许多生物体中，如药物、重金属、微/纳米塑料、有机阻燃剂、农药和稀土。1− 6虽然对低接触水平的生物反应通常是有益的，但接触低于无害副作用水平（NOAEL;以下称亚阈剂量）的剂量并不总是转化为有益的反应。2，4例如，低于阈值的污染物剂量可增强植物病原微生物的毒力，并促进作物害虫的抗性，对作物生产有重大影响。2，7，8阈下污染物暴露还可刺激传染性动物/人类病原体，并促进其对抗生素和其他药物的耐药性，威胁长期可持续性。重要的是，
A great number of dose− response studies indicate that hormesis is a common phenomenon, occurring in numerous organisms exposed to singular or combined environmental stressors, such as pharmaceuticals, heavy metals, micro/nanoplastics, organic flame retardants, pesticides, and rare earths. 1− 6 While biological responses to low exposure levels are often beneficial, exposure to doses below the noobserved-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL; hereafter subthreshold doses) does not always translate to beneficial responses. 2, 4 For example, subthreshold contaminant doses can enhance the virulence of phytopathogenic microbes and promote the resistance of crop pests with significant implications for crop production. 2, 7, 8 Subthreshold contaminant exposures can also stimulate infectious animal/human pathogens and promote their resistance to antibiotics and other drugs, threatening long-term sustainability. Importantly, the hormetic function of