Hidden Cost of Drinking Water Treatment and Its Relation with Socioeconomic Status in Nepalese Urban Context
Hidden Cost of Drinking Water Treatment and Its Relation with Socioeconomic Status in Nepalese Urban Context
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DOI：
10.3390/w10050607
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发表时间：
2018-05-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Shindo, Junko
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Shrestha, Khadga Bahadur;Thapa, Bhesh Raj;Shindo, Junko
加德满都山谷面临着水资源短缺的问题，几十年来，水储存和处理的负担增加了，这增加了成本。我们根据设备价格和寿命、每日运行时间、所用燃料和耗材更换频率估算了内部饮用水处理（9 L/天）的方法特定成本，化学品、陶瓷过滤器、煮沸、Euro-Guard和反向紫外线（RO-UV）水净化分别为23、57、392、586和799尼泊尔卢比（NR）。根据对1500户家庭的问卷调查获得的这些估计和家庭使用的处理方法，估计了每月平均水处理成本，并调查了其在尼泊尔城市环境中的社会经济关系。75%的家庭至少采用一种治疗方法（平均1.4）。估计每户每月平均费用为380卢比。固定效应模型表明，成本显着较高的Lalitpur区，在高中教育的家庭。受访者的水不安全感较高的主要决定因素较高的治疗成本，这是在Lalitpur区尤其如此。水处理增加了额外的财政负担，特别是对贫困家庭而言，有关当局应避免或尽量减少这种负担，以便为所有人提供足够数量、质量和获得饮用水的机会。
Kathmandu Valley faces water scarcity from decades of the added burden of water storage and treatment, which imposed cost. We estimated the method-specific cost of in-house drinking water treatment (9 L/day used) based on equipment price and life, daily operation time, fuel used, and consumables replacement frequency, which were Nepalese Rupees (NRs) 23, 57, 392, 586 and 799 for chemicals, ceramic filter, boiling, Euro-Guard and reverse osmosis-ultraviolet (RO-UV) water purification, respectively. The monthly average water treatment cost was estimated based on these estimates and treatment methods used in households, obtained from a questionnaire survey of 1500 households, and its socioeconomic relationship in a Nepalese urban context was investigated. Of the households, 75% practiced at least one treatment method, (average, 1.4). The estimated monthly average cost per household was NRs 380. The fixed effects model showed that the cost was significantly higher in Lalitpur district, and in high school education households. Higher water insecurity perception of respondents was the main determinant of higher treatment cost, which was especially true in Lalitpur district. Water treatment added extra financial burden, especially for the poor households which should be averted or minimized by concerned authorities to provide adequate quantity, quality, and access to drinking water for all.