Localizing Ashkenazic Jews to Primeval Villages in the Ancient Iranian Lands of Ashkenaz.
Localizing Ashkenazic Jews to Primeval Villages in the Ancient Iranian Lands of Ashkenaz.
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DOI：
10.1093/gbe/evw046
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发表时间：
2016-04-19
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Elhaik E
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Das R;Wexler P;Pirooznia M;Elhaik E
意第绪语有1,000多年的历史，融合了德语、斯拉夫语和希伯来语的元素。流行的观点认为意第绪语起源于德国，而相反的观点则认为它起源于斯拉夫语，有着强大的伊朗和微弱的突厥语基础。在这些假设之间做出决定的主要困难之一是讲意第绪语的阿什肯纳兹犹太人（AJs）的未知地理起源。对393名德系犹太人、伊朗人和山地犹太人以及600多名非犹太人基因组的分析表明，希腊人、罗马人、伊朗人和土耳其人与AJs的遗传相似性最高。地理人口结构分析将大多数AJs定位在土耳其东北部的主要原始贸易路线上，毗邻原始村庄，其名称可能来自“Ashkenaz”。伊朗人和山区犹太人被安置在土耳其东部边境的贸易路线沿着。母亲单倍型组的损失是显而易见的非意第绪语说AJs。我们的研究结果表明，AJs起源于斯拉夫-伊朗联盟，犹太人称之为“阿什肯纳兹”（即，“斯基泰人”），虽然这些犹太人可能说波斯语和/或奥塞梯。这与语言学证据相一致，即意第绪语是一种斯拉夫语，由伊朗-突厥-斯拉夫犹太商人沿着丝绸之路作为一种神秘的贸易语言创造，只有其创始人为了在贸易中获得优势而使用。后来，在世纪，意第绪语经历了一个新的词汇，其中包括少数德语和希伯来语和大多数新创造的日耳曼语和希伯来语元素，取代了大部分原始的东斯拉夫语和索布语词汇，同时保持原始的语法完整。
The Yiddish language is over 1,000 years old and incorporates German, Slavic, and Hebrew elements. The prevalent view claims Yiddish has a German origin, whereas the opposing view posits a Slavic origin with strong Iranian and weak Turkic substrata. One of the major difficulties in deciding between these hypotheses is the unknown geographical origin of Yiddish speaking Ashkenazic Jews (AJs). An analysis of 393 Ashkenazic, Iranian, and mountain Jews and over 600 non-Jewish genomes demonstrated that Greeks, Romans, Iranians, and Turks exhibit the highest genetic similarity with AJs. The Geographic Population Structure analysis localized most AJs along major primeval trade routes in northeastern Turkey adjacent to primeval villages with names that may be derived from “Ashkenaz.” Iranian and mountain Jews were localized along trade routes on the Turkey’s eastern border. Loss of maternal haplogroups was evident in non-Yiddish speaking AJs. Our results suggest that AJs originated from a Slavo-Iranian confederation, which the Jews call “Ashkenazic” (i.e., “Scythian”), though these Jews probably spoke Persian and/or Ossete. This is compatible with linguistic evidence suggesting that Yiddish is a Slavic language created by Irano-Turko-Slavic Jewish merchants along the Silk Roads as a cryptic trade language, spoken only by its originators to gain an advantage in trade. Later, in the 9th century, Yiddish underwent relexification by adopting a new vocabulary that consists of a minority of German and Hebrew and a majority of newly coined Germanoid and Hebroid elements that replaced most of the original Eastern Slavic and Sorbian vocabularies, while keeping the original grammars intact.