Premature mortality related to United States cross-state air pollution
Premature mortality related to United States cross-state air pollution
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DOI：
10.1038/s41586-020-1983-8
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发表时间：
2020-02-01
期刊：
影响因子：
64.8
通讯作者：
Barrett, Steven R. H.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dedoussi, Irene C.;Eastham, Sebastian D.;Barrett, Steven R. H.
室外空气污染对人类健康产生不利影响，据估计，在美国邻近地区每年过早死亡总数中，室外空气污染占5%至10%（1-3）。各种来源的燃烧排放，如发电或道路交通，对臭氧和细颗粒物（PM2.5）等有害空气污染物有很大贡献(4)。缓解空气污染的努力主要集中在当地排放源与当地空气质量之间的关系上(2)。然而，空气质量也可能受到遥远排放源的影响，包括来自邻近联邦州的排放（5,6）。这种跨州的污染交换带来了额外的监管挑战。在这里，我们量化了美国相邻地区的空气污染交换，并评估了2005年至2018年七个排放部门的PM2.5和臭氧暴露增加对过早死亡的影响。平均而言，我们发现，由一个州的排放造成的与空气质量有关的过早死亡中，有41%至53%发生在该州以外。我们还发现了不同排放部门和化学物质对过早死亡的跨州贡献的变化，以及这些变化随时间的变化。发电排放的跨州影响最大，占其总影响的一小部分，而商业/住宅排放的跨州影响最小。然而，自2005年以来发电排放的减少意味着，到2018年，与商业/住宅部门相关的跨州过早死亡率是与发电相关的两倍。就排放的化学物质而言，2005年氮氧化物和二氧化硫排放造成的跨州过早死亡最多，但到2018年，主要PM2.5排放导致的跨州过早死亡相当于二氧化硫排放相关的三倍。这些报告的导致过早死亡的排放部门和排放种类的变化可能有助于指导改善美国邻近地区的空气质量。
Outdoor air pollution adversely affects human health and is estimated to be responsible for five to ten per cent of the total annual premature mortality in the contiguous United States(1-3). Combustion emissions from a variety of sources, such as power generation or road traffic, make a large contribution to harmful air pollutants such as ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5)(4). Efforts to mitigate air pollution have focused mainly on the relationship between local emission sources and local air quality(2). Air quality can also be affected by distant emission sources, however, including emissions from neighbouring federal states(5,6). This cross-state exchange of pollution poses additional regulatory challenges. Here we quantify the exchange of air pollution among the contiguous United States, and assess its impact on premature mortality that is linked to increased human exposure to PM2.5 and ozone from seven emission sectors for 2005 to 2018. On average, we find that 41 to 53 per cent of air-quality-related premature mortality resulting from a state's emissions occurs outside that state. We also find variations in the cross-state contributions of different emission sectors and chemical species to premature mortality, and changes in these variations over time. Emissions from electric power generation have the greatest cross-state impacts as a fraction of their total impacts, whereas commercial/residential emissions have the smallest. However, reductions in emissions from electric power generation since 2005 have meant that, by 2018, cross-state premature mortality associated with the commercial/residential sector was twice that associated with power generation. In terms of the chemical species emitted, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide emissions caused the most cross-state premature deaths in 2005, but by 2018 primary PM2.5 emissions led to cross-state premature deaths equal to three times those associated with sulfur dioxide emissions. These reported shifts in emission sectors and emission species that contribute to premature mortality may help to guide improvements to air quality in the contiguous United States.