Alpha satellite DNA biology: finding function in the recesses of the genome.

Alpha satellite DNA biology: finding function in the recesses of the genome.
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DOI:
10.1007/s10577-018-9582-3
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发表时间:
2018-09
期刊:
Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Sullivan BA
Sullivan BA
中科院分区:
其他
文献类型:
--
作者:
McNulty SM;Sullivan BA

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重复DNA,以前被误称为“垃圾DNA”,构成了人类基因组的大部分。这种DNA的一个类别,阿尔法卫星,包括高达10%的基因组。α卫星富集在所有人类着丝粒区域,并有能力从头着丝粒组装。由于其高度重复的性质,使用传统的下一代测序方法很难在着丝粒处实现基因组组装,因此,着丝粒代表了当前人类基因组组装中的缺口。此外,α卫星DNA被转录成重复的非编码RNA,并贡献了转录组的大部分。最近的努力,这些成绩单及其功能的特点已经揭示了卫星RNA在基因组稳定性的关键作用,包括沉默“自私”的DNA元件和招募着丝粒和动粒蛋白。这篇综述将描述α卫星DNA的基因组和表观遗传学特征,讨论最近的发现,从不同的α卫星阵列产生的非编码转录本,并解决目前的进展,在这个经常被忽视的重复序列的功能理解。我们将讨论研究人类卫星DNA和RNA的独特挑战,并指出新技术将继续推进我们对基因组中这一尚未开发的部分的理解。
Repetitive DNA, formerly referred to by the misnomer “junk DNA”, comprises a majority of the human genome. One class of this DNA, alpha satellite, comprises up to 10% of the genome. Alpha satellite is enriched at all human centromere regions and is competent for de novo centromere assembly. Because of its highly repetitive nature, alpha satellite has been difficult to achieve genome assemblies at centromeres using traditional next generation sequencing approaches, and thus, centromeres represent gaps in the current human genome assembly. Moreover, alpha satellite DNA is transcribed into repetitive non-coding RNA and contributes to a large portion of the transcriptome. Recent efforts to characterize these transcripts and their function have uncovered pivotal roles for satellite RNA in genome stability, including silencing “selfish” DNA elements and recruiting centromere and kinetochore proteins. This review will describe the genomic and epigenetic features of alpha satellite DNA, discuss recent findings of noncoding transcripts produced from distinct alpha satellite arrays, and address current progress in the functional understanding of this oft-neglected repetitive sequence. We will discuss unique challenges of studying human satellite DNAs and RNAs and point toward new technologies that will continue to advance our understanding of this largely untapped portion of the genome.
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