Genetic variation determines which feedbacks drive and alter predator-prey eco-evolutionary cycles
Genetic variation determines which feedbacks drive and alter predator-prey eco-evolutionary cycles
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DOI：
10.1002/ecm.1304
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发表时间：
2018-08-01
影响因子：
6.1
通讯作者：
Cortez, Michael H.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cortez, Michael H.
进化可以改变群落的生态动态，但其影响取决于进化物种中现存遗传变异的大小。使用生态协同进化的捕食者-猎物模型，我确定如何确定猎物和捕食者的遗传变异的幅度时，生态，进化和生态进化的反馈影响系统的稳定性和捕食者-猎物周期的相位滞后。这里，反馈由子系统定义，即，当其他组成部分保持固定时，整个系统组成部分的子集的动态;生态（进化）反馈涉及人口密度（物种性状）之间的直接和间接影响，生态进化反馈涉及人口密度和性状之间的直接和间接影响。当两个物种的遗传变异都很低时，涉及捕食者或猎物特征的生态反馈和生态进化反馈对系统稳定性的影响最大，当一个物种的遗传变异很高时，涉及该物种特征的进化反馈和生态进化反馈对系统稳定性的影响最大，当两个物种的遗传变异都很高时，涉及一个或两个特征的进化反馈和涉及两个特征的生态共同进化反馈具有最强的效果。我提出的生物条件下，每个反馈可以破坏整个系统的稳定性，并导致捕食者-猎物循环。当所有的反馈都稳定时，捕食者-被捕食者循环也会出现。当涉及许多变量的反馈比涉及较少变量的反馈更稳定时，就会出现这种违反直觉的结果，反之亦然。我还确定了如何间接影响的猎物和捕食者密度的捕食者动态（介导的进化反应中的一个或两个物种）改变捕食者-猎物周期的相位滞后。我目前的条件下，性状介导的间接影响引入延迟，导致猎物和捕食者之间的滞后峰值增加。这项工作解释和统一的经验和理论研究如何捕食者-猎物共同进化改变捕食者-猎物系统的动态，以及这些影响如何依赖于猎物和捕食者常设遗传变异的幅度。
Evolution can alter the ecological dynamics of communities, but the effects depend on the magnitudes of standing genetic variation in the evolving species. Using an eco-coevolutionary predator-prey model, I identify how the magnitudes of prey and predator standing genetic variation determine when ecological, evolutionary, and eco-evolutionary feedbacks influence system stability and the phase lags in predator-prey cycles. Here, feedbacks are defined by subsystems, i.e., the dynamics of a subset of the components of the whole system when the other components are held fixed; ecological (evolutionary) feedbacks involve the direct and indirect effects between population densities (species traits) and eco-evolutionary feedbacks involve the direct and indirect effects between population densities and traits. When genetic variation is low in both species, ecological feedbacks and eco-evolutionary feedbacks involving either the predator or the prey trait have the strongest effects on system stability, when genetic variation is high in one species, evolutionary and eco-evolutionary feedbacks involving that species' trait have the strongest effects, and, when genetic variation is high in both species, evolutionary feedbacks involving one or both traits and eco-coevolutionary feedbacks involving both traits have the strongest effects. I present the biological conditions under which each feedback can destabilize the whole system and cause predator-prey cycles. Predator-prey cycles can also arise when all feedbacks are stabilizing. This counterintuitive outcome occurs when feedbacks involving many variables are more stabilizing than feedbacks involving fewer variables or vice versa. I also identify how the indirect effects of prey and predator density on the predator dynamics (mediated by evolutionary responses in one or both species) alter the phase lags in predator-prey cycles. I present conditions under which the trait-mediated indirect effects introduce delays that cause the lag between prey and predator peaks to increase. This work explains and unifies empirical and theoretical studies on how predator-prey coevolution alters the dynamics of predator-prey systems and how those effects depend on the magnitudes of prey and predator standing genetic variation.