The evolution of scarab beetles tracks the sequential rise of angiosperms and mammals
The evolution of scarab beetles tracks the sequential rise of angiosperms and mammals
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DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2014.1470
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发表时间：
2014-09-22
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Vogler, Alfried P.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ahrens, Dirk;Schwarzer, Julia;Vogler, Alfried P.
现存的陆地生物多样性可以说是由被子植物的进化成功，但被子植物依赖的辐射的进化机制和时间尺度仍然知之甚少。金龟子总科（Scarabaeoidea）是一个以植物和粪便为食的甲虫的多样化谱系。在这里，我们提出了一个系统发育分析的金龟子总科的基础上，一个分类学上全面的标本集的四个DNA标记，并将其与最近描述的化石证据。食粪性、植食性和食花性的多源性是食粪性的重要原因。该树的内群化石标定广泛证实了金龟子总科树冠群的侏罗纪起源。植食性谱系的冠群首先开始辐射（Pleurostict圣甲虫：108 Ma; Glaphyridae之间的101 Ma），其次是后来的食粪谱系的多样化（冠群年龄Scarabaeinae：76 Ma; Aphodiinae：50 Ma）。花粉喂养出现得更晚，在最大的62马在最古老的食花谱系。食草动物和食粪动物起源之间的明显时间差表明，被子植物首先有利于食草动物群（哺乳动物和昆虫），其次是粪食动物的二次辐射驱动的进化路径。这一发现使得现存的蜣螂谱系最初以恐龙排泄物为食的可能性降低，正如人们经常假设的那样。
Extant terrestrial biodiversity arguably is driven by the evolutionary success of angiosperm plants, but the evolutionary mechanisms and timescales of angiosperm-dependent radiations remain poorly understood. The Scarabaeoidea is a diverse lineage of predominantly plant-and dung-feeding beetles. Here, we present a phylogenetic analysis of Scarabaeoidea based on four DNA markers for a taxonomically comprehensive set of specimens and link it to recently described fossil evidence. The phylogeny strongly supports multiple origins of coprophagy, phytophagy and anthophagy. The ingroup-based fossil calibration of the tree widely confirmed a Jurassic origin of the Scarabaeoidea crown group. The crown groups of phytophagous lineages began to radiate first (Pleurostict scarabs: 108 Ma; Glaphyridae between 101 Ma), followed by the later diversification of coprophagous lineages (crown-group age Scarabaeinae: 76 Ma; Aphodiinae: 50 Ma). Pollen feeding arose even later, at maximally 62 Ma in the oldest anthophagous lineage. The clear time lag between the origins of herbivores and coprophages suggests an evolutionary path driven by the angiosperms that first favoured the herbivore fauna (mammals and insects) followed by the secondary radiation of the dung feeders. This finding makes it less likely that extant dung beetle lineages initially fed on dinosaur excrements, as often hypothesized.