Vpx overcomes a SAMHD1-independent block to HIV reverse transcription that is specific to resting CD4 T cells

Vpx overcomes a SAMHD1-independent block to HIV reverse transcription that is specific to resting CD4 T cells
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DOI:
10.1073/pnas.1613635114
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发表时间:
2017-03-07
影响因子:
11.1
通讯作者:
Keppler, Oliver T.
Keppler, Oliver T.
中科院分区:
综合性期刊1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Baldauf, Hanna-Mari;Stegmann, Lena;Keppler, Oliver T.

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在进入单核细胞、巨噬细胞、树突状细胞和静息 CD4 T 细胞后的早期,HIV 会遇到阻碍,限制传入病毒 RNA 基因组的逆转录 (RT)。在这种情况下,dNTP 三磷酸水解酶 SAM 结构域和含有 HD 结构域的蛋白 1 (SAMHD1) 已被确定为限制因子,可降低 dNTP 底物的浓度以限制 RT。来自恒河猴、白眉猴和 HIV-2 (SIVsmm/SIVmac/HIV-2) 等主要猿猴免疫缺陷病毒的辅助慢病毒蛋白 X (Vpx) 蛋白包装到病毒颗粒中,靶向 SAMHD1 进行蛋白酶体降解,增加细胞内 dNTP 池,并促进 HIV cDNA 合成。我们发现,来自第二个 SIV 谱系(红顶白眉白眉或山魈的 SIV (SIVrcm/mnd-2))的病毒颗粒包装的 Vpx 蛋白,增加了静息 CD4 T 细胞中的 HIV 感染,但在巨噬细胞中没有增加,并且出乎意料的是,在没有 SAMHD1 降解、dNTP 库升高或 SAMHD1 磷酸化变化的情况下,该蛋白也发挥作用。 Vpx rcm/mnd-2 病毒粒子的掺入导致受感染的静息 CD4 T 细胞中 HIV-1 RT 中间体和病毒 cDNA 的急剧增加。这些分析还揭示了在核输入水平上限制静息 CD4 T 细胞的 HIV-1 感染的屏障。 SAMHD1 降解性 Vpx mac239 中的单个氨基酸变化使其能够以类似 Vpx rcm/mnd-2 的方式增强早期进入后步骤。此外,Vpx 增强了 Aicardi-Goutieres 综合征患者 SAMHD1 缺陷静息 CD4 T 细胞的 HIV-1 感染。这些结果表明,除了 SAMHD1 之外,Vpx 还克服了以前未认识到的慢病毒在 RT 水平上的限制,其作用独立于 dNTP 浓度,并且对静息 CD4 T 细胞具有特异性。
Early after entry into monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and resting CD4 T cells, HIV encounters a block, limiting reverse transcription (RT) of the incoming viral RNA genome. In this context, dNTP triphosphohydrolase SAM domain and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) has been identified as a restriction factor, lowering the concentration of dNTP substrates to limit RT. The accessory lentiviral protein X (Vpx) proteins from the major simian immunodeficiency virus of rhesus macaque, sooty mangabey, and HIV-2 (SIVsmm/SIVmac/HIV-2) lineage packaged into virions target SAMHD1 for proteasomal degradation, increase intracellular dNTP pools, and facilitate HIV cDNA synthesis. We find that virion-packaged Vpx proteins from a second SIV lineage, SIV of red-capped mangabeys or mandrills (SIVrcm/mnd-2), increased HIV infection in resting CD4 T cells, but not in macrophages, and, unexpectedly, acted in the absence of SAMHD1 degradation, dNTP pool elevation, or changes in SAMHD1 phosphorylation. Vpx rcm/mnd-2 virion incorporation resulted in a dramatic increase of HIV-1 RT intermediates and viral cDNA in infected resting CD4 T cells. These analyses also revealed a barrier limiting HIV-1 infection of resting CD4 T cells at the level of nuclear import. Single amino acid changes in the SAMHD1-degrading Vpx mac239 allowed it to enhance early postentry steps in a Vpx rcm/mnd-2-like fashion. Moreover, Vpx enhanced HIV-1 infection of SAMHD1-deficient resting CD4 T cells of a patient with Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome. These results indicate that Vpx, in addition to SAMHD1, overcomes a previously unappreciated restriction for lentiviruses at the level of RT that acts independently of dNTP concentrations and is specific to resting CD4 T cells.