Altered Inhibitory Control and Increased Sensitivity to Cross-Modal Interference in Tinnitus during Auditory and Visual Tasks
Altered Inhibitory Control and Increased Sensitivity to Cross-Modal Interference in Tinnitus during Auditory and Visual Tasks
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0120387
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发表时间：
2015-03-12
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Renier, Laurent
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Araneda, Rodrigo;De Volder, Anne G.;Renier, Laurent
听觉是在没有外部刺激的情况下对声音的感知。目前，耳鸣的病理生理尚未完全了解，但最近的研究表明，在大脑中的变化涉及非听觉区，包括前额叶皮层。在实验1中，我们使用了去/不去范式，以评估目标检测速度和抑制控制耳鸣参与者（TP）和对照组（CS），无论是在单峰和双峰条件下的听觉和视觉模态。我们还测试了目标和干扰物的声音频率是否会影响性能。我们观察到，在所有单模态听觉条件下，TP比CS更慢，并且发出更多假警报。TP也慢于CS的双峰条件。此外，当比较双峰和听觉单峰条件下的反应时间时，双峰条件下的预期增益存在于CS中，但不存在于TP时，耳鸣匹配的频率声音被用作目标。在实验2中，我们测试了在听觉和视觉go/no-go任务中TP对跨通道干扰的敏感性，其中每个刺激之前都有一个不相关的预刺激（例如，在视觉no/no-go条件下的高频听觉预刺激）。我们观察到，TP比CS有更长的响应时间，并在所有条件下发出更多的假警报。此外，当以高频声/耳鸣匹配声作为预刺激时，TP的误报率最高。我们的结论是，抑制控制改变TP和TP是异常敏感的跨模态干扰，反映了困难，忽略不相关的刺激。最强的干扰效应是由耳鸣样听觉刺激引起的，这一事实与这类刺激产生影响TP中认知加工的情绪反应的假设是一致的。我们推测，执行功能缺陷在耳鸣的感知和维持中起着关键作用。
Tinnitus is the perception of sound in the absence of external stimulus. Currently, the pathophysiology of tinnitus is not fully understood, but recent studies indicate that alterations in the brain involve non-auditory areas, including the prefrontal cortex. In experiment 1, we used a go/no-go paradigm to evaluate the target detection speed and the inhibitory control in tinnitus participants (TP) and control subjects (CS), both in unimodal and bimodal conditions in the auditory and visual modalities. We also tested whether the sound frequency used for target and distractors affected the performance. We observed that TP were slower and made more false alarms than CS in all unimodal auditory conditions. TP were also slower than CS in the bimodal conditions. In addition, when comparing the response times in bimodal and auditory unimodal conditions, the expected gain in bimodal conditions was present in CS, but not in TP when tinnitus-matched frequency sounds were used as targets. In experiment 2, we tested the sensitivity to cross-modal interference in TP during auditory and visual go/no-go tasks where each stimulus was preceded by an irrelevant pre-stimulus in the untested modality (e.g. high frequency auditory pre-stimulus in visual no/no-go condition). We observed that TP had longer response times than CS and made more false alarms in all conditions. In addition, the highest false alarm rate occurred in TP when tinnitusmatched/ high frequency sounds were used as pre-stimulus. We conclude that the inhibitory control is altered in TP and that TP are abnormally sensitive to cross-modal interference, reflecting difficulties to ignore irrelevant stimuli. The fact that the strongest interference effect was caused by tinnitus-like auditory stimulation is consistent with the hypothesis according to which such stimulations generate emotional responses that affect cognitive processing in TP. We postulate that executive functions deficits play a key-role in the perception and maintenance of tinnitus.