Designing a network of marine protected areas in California: Achievements, costs, lessons learned, and challenges ahead
Designing a network of marine protected areas in California: Achievements, costs, lessons learned, and challenges ahead
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.08.013
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发表时间：
2013-03-01
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Wiseman, Ken
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gleason, Mary;Fox, Evan;Wiseman, Ken
加州州最近计划并正在实施《海洋生物保护法》（MLPA）规定的州沃茨海洋保护区（MPA）网络。一个公私伙伴关系（《防止洗钱和洗钱举措》）完成了四个区域公共海洋保护区规划进程，其特点是利益攸关方的大力贡献和纳入了现有的最佳科学。在1999年MLPA颁布之前，加州州只有不到3%的沃茨属于海洋保护区，而且大多数海洋保护区都很小，缺乏明确的目标。到2013年，大约16%的州沃茨将在124个海洋保护区，代表和复制大多数海洋和河口栖息地，并设计为生态连接。重新设计的全州海洋保护区网络改善了加州的海洋生态系统保护，推进了设计海洋保护区网络的科学和实践，并提高了利益攸关方、科学家和决策者对海洋空间规划的认识和能力。公共规划工作花了近七年时间，并投入了大量资金（私人慈善基金会资金约1 950万美元，公共资金约1 850万美元）。并非所有利益攸关方都对成果感到满意，规划进程面临许多挑战。虽然海洋保护区网络的设计旨在满足科学和可行性准则，但每个区域关于海洋保护区的最后决定反映了为获得公众接受和支持实施所需的权衡。《防止洗钱和洗钱举措》提供了一些关于通过公共规划进程执行政策的重要经验教训。虽然加州正在制定未来几年评估海洋保护区网络有效性的机制，包括建立海洋保护区监测企业和海洋保护区定期审查和适应性管理程序，但有效实施仍面临重大挑战。(C)2012爱思唯尔有限公司保留所有权利。
The state of California recently planned and is implementing a network of marine protected areas (MPAs) in state waters as mandated by the Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA). A public private partnership (the MLPA Initiative) completed four regional public MPA planning processes characterized by robust stakeholder contributions and the incorporation of best readily available science. Prior to enactment of the MLPA in 1999, less than 3% of California state waters were in MPAs, and most of those MPAs were small and lacked clear objectives. By 2013, approximately 16% of state waters will be in 124 MPAs that represent and replicate most marine and estuarine habitats and are designed to be ecologically-connected. The redesigned statewide network of MPAs improves marine ecosystem protection in California, advanced the science and practice of designing MPA networks, and increased the awareness and capacity of stakeholders, scientists and decision-makers for marine spatial planning. The public planning effort took almost seven years and significant financial investment (approximately $19.5 million in private charitable foundation funds and $18.5 million in public funds). Not all stakeholders were pleased with the outcomes and the planning processes faced many challenges. While the design of the MPA network aimed to meet science and feasibility guidelines, final decisions on MPAs in each region reflected tradeoffs needed to garner public acceptance and support for implementation. The MLPA Initiative offers some key lessons about implementing policy through a public planning process. While California is developing mechanisms for assessing effectiveness of the MPA network in coming years, including establishing a MPA Monitoring Enterprise and a process for periodic review and adaptive management of MPAs, significant challenges remain for effective implementation. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.