The effects of crayfish predation on phenotypic and life-history variation in fathead minnows
The effects of crayfish predation on phenotypic and life-history variation in fathead minnows
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DOI：
10.1139/z04-066
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发表时间：
2004-06-01
影响因子：
1.4
通讯作者：
Chivers, DP
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kusch, RC;Chivers, DP
生态学理论预测，生命史各阶段之间的过渡时间应该随着每个阶段的成本和收益而变化。例如，孵化或变态的时间可能会随着每个阶段的捕食风险而变化。捕食者引起的孵化时间的变化在一些类群中有很好的记录，但在鱼类中还没有报道。我们提供了第一个经验证据表明，一种鱼可以改变其孵化时间，以回应捕食者的线索。我们发现，黑头呆鱼，Pimephales promelas Rafinesque，1820年，暴露于雄性小龙虾，Orconectes virilis（哈根，1870年）的化学线索，觅食的小鱼胚胎孵化早于那些暴露于空白对照。此外，在存在的线索，从雄性小龙虾摄食的小鱼胚胎，孵化的幼体表现出形态的变化，因为他们有显着较短的总长度。有一个显着的正相关幼体大小和发育期的长度，除了在高捕食威胁处理。通过更早地孵化，黑头呆鱼逃脱了雄性小龙虾的捕食，这些小龙虾正在积极地觅食黑头呆鱼的卵。然而，以较小的尺寸孵化可能会使鱼苗更容易受到其他掠食者的攻击。
Ecological theory predicts that the timing of the transition between life-history stages should vary with the costs and benefits associated with each stage. For example, the timing of hatching or metamorphosis may vary with the predation risk in each stage. Predator-induced changes in hatching time are well documented in some taxa but have not been reported in fishes. We provide the first empirical evidence that a species of fish can alter its hatching time in response to predator cues. We showed that fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas Rafinesque, 1820, exposed to chemical cues from virile crayfish, Orconectes virilis (Hagen, 1870), foraging on minnow embryos hatch sooner than those exposed to a blank control. Moreover, in the presence of cues from virile crayfish feeding on minnow embryos, the hatchlings exhibited a change in morphology because they had significantly shorter total lengths. There was a significant positive correlation between hatchling size and length of the developmental period, except in the high predation threat treatment. By hatching earlier, the fathead minnows escaped predation from virile crayfish that were actively foraging on fathead minnow eggs. Hatching at a smaller size, however, may make the fry more vulnerable to other predators.