Renewal After the Punishment of Free Operant Behavior
Renewal After the Punishment of Free Operant Behavior
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DOI：
10.1037/xan0000051
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发表时间：
2015-01-01
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
Schepers, Scott T.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bouton, Mark E.;Schepers, Scott T.
三个实验考察了语境在惩罚学习中的作用。在实验1中，训练大鼠在A情境下杠杆按压寻找食物，然后在B情境中因反应而受到惩罚(通过呈现反应-或有足部电击)。惩罚导致了对这一反应的彻底压制。然而，当反应在A和B两个语境中被测试时，在语境A中反应发生了强烈的更新。在实验2中，当初始强化发生在语境A中、惩罚发生在语境B中、测试发生在新的语境(语境C)中时，反应也发生了更新。在两个实验中，没有观察到在B情境中接受非或有(轭)足电击的小组的行为抑制和更新。在实验3中，在A和B情境中，两种反应(杠杆挤压和链条拉动)被分别强化，然后在相反的情境中受到惩罚。尽管该程序将语境等同于强化和惩罚的关联，但当在非惩罚语境中进行测试时，观察到每个反应的更新。情境也会影响反应的选择。总体而言，结果表明惩罚是特定于学习惩罚的环境的，并确立了惩罚的环境特异性并不依赖于环境和震惊之间的简单联系。像灭绝一样，惩罚可能涉及学习在特定的背景下抑制特定的反应。对惩罚理论和理解停止有问题的操作行为(例如，药物滥用)的含义进行了讨论。
Three experiments examined the role of context in punishment learning. In Experiment 1, rats were trained to lever press for food in Context A and then punished for responding in Context B (by presenting response-contingent footshock). Punishment led to complete suppression of the response. However, when responding was tested (in extinction) in Contexts A and B, a strong renewal of responding occurred in Context A. In Experiment 2, renewal also occurred when initial reinforcement occurred in Context A, punishment occurred in Context B, and testing occurred in a new context (Context C). In both experiments, behavioral suppression and renewal were not observed in groups that received noncontingent (yoked) footshocks in Context B. In Experiment 3, 2 responses (lever press and chain pull) were separately reinforced in Contexts A and B and then punished in the opposite context. Although the procedure equated the contexts on their association with reinforcement and punishment, renewal of each response was observed when it was tested in its nonpunished context. The contexts also influenced response choice. Overall, the results suggest that punishment is specific to the context in which it is learned, and establish that its context-specificity does not depend on a simple association between the context and shock. Like extinction, punishment may involve learning to inhibit a specific response in a specific context. Implications for theories of punishment and for understanding the cessation of problematic operant behavior (e.g., drug abuse) are discussed.