Metabolic adaptations during negative energy balance and their potential impact on appetite and food intake
Metabolic adaptations during negative energy balance and their potential impact on appetite and food intake
复制标题
DOI：
10.1017/s0029665118002811
复制
发表时间：
2019-08-01
影响因子：
7
通讯作者：
Hopkins, Mark
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Casanova, Nuno;Beaulieu, Kristine;Hopkins, Mark
本文综述了负能量平衡引起的代谢适应及其对食欲和食物摄入的潜在影响。持续的负能量平衡将导致体重减轻，如果总能量和蛋白质摄入量相等，不同饮食干预的身体成分变化相似。在喂养不足期间，发生补偿性代谢和行为反应，以减轻规定的能量不足。虽然在能量不足期间代谢活性组织的损失导致能量消耗减少，但已经注意到消耗的额外下调不能用身体组织的变化来解释（例如适应性产热）。持续的负能量平衡也与食欲驱动的增加和减肥期间食欲相关肽的变化有关，这可能是饥饿和食物摄入增加的线索。也有人认为，在减肥过程中，无脂肪质量（FFM）的损失也可以作为食欲信号，但需要更多的数据来支持这些发现，并且FFM和能量摄入之间的信号通路仍不清楚。总而言之，这些对减肥的代谢和行为反应指向一个高度复杂和动态的能量平衡系统，其中对单个成分的扰动可以在其他地方引起协调和相互关联的补偿反应。这些补偿反应的强度是个体微妙的，早期识别这种变异性可能有助于识别个体对干预反应良好或不良。
This review examines the metabolic adaptations that occur in response to negative energy balance and their potential putative or functional impact on appetite and food intake. Sustained negative energy balance will result in weight loss, with body composition changes similar for different dietary interventions if total energy and protein intake are equated. During periods of underfeeding, compensatory metabolic and behavioural responses occur that attenuate the prescribed energy deficit. While losses of metabolically active tissue during energy deficit result in reduced energy expenditure, an additional down-regulation in expenditure has been noted that cannot be explained by changes in body tissue (e.g. adaptive thermogenesis). Sustained negative energy balance is also associated with an increase in orexigenic drive and changes in appetite-related peptides during weight loss that may act as cues for increased hunger and food intake. It has also been suggested that losses of fat-free mass (FFM) could also act as an orexigenic signal during weight loss, but more data are needed to support these findings and the signalling pathways linking FFM and energy intake remain unclear. Taken together, these metabolic and behavioural responses to weight loss point to a highly complex and dynamic energy balance system in which perturbations to individual components can cause co-ordinated and inter-related compensatory responses elsewhere. The strength of these compensatory responses is individually subtle, and early identification of this variability may help identify individuals that respond well or poorly to an intervention.