Moonlight Drives Ocean-Scale Mass Vertical Migration of Zooplankton during the Arctic Winter
Moonlight Drives Ocean-Scale Mass Vertical Migration of Zooplankton during the Arctic Winter
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.038
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发表时间：
2016-01-25
期刊：
影响因子：
9.2
通讯作者：
Cottier, Finlo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Last, Kim S.;Hobbs, Laura;Cottier, Finlo
在冬季没有太阳光照的极端高纬度海洋环境中，光介导的生物迁移模式历来被认为是不存在的[1]。然而，浮游动物的昼夜垂直迁移（DVM）已被证明即使在极夜最黑暗的部分也会发生，此时光照水平异常低[2，3]。这一悖论至今尚未得到解释。在这里，我们提出了一个意想不到的统一行为在整个北极地区，在峡湾，货架，斜坡和公海，在那里的浮游动物的垂直迁移是由月球照明驱动的证据。从太阳日（24小时周期）到月球日（24.8小时周期）的垂直迁移发生在冬季，当月亮从地平线上升起时。此外，大量的浮游动物下沉从表面沃茨和积累在50米的深度发生在冬季每29.5天，与满月的周期一致。月光可能使食肉动物、鱼类和鸟类能够捕食浮游动物，现在已知它们在极夜进食[4]。虽然此时初级生产几乎为零，但月球垂直迁移（LVM）可能会促进每月的碳矿化脉冲，因为它们连续发生在被照亮的中层系统中[5]，这是由于食肉和食虫浮游动物的群落呼吸。冬季的LVM程度表明，这种行为是高度保守和适应性的，因此需要被视为北冰洋变化中浮游动物活动的“基线”[6-9]。
In extreme high-latitude marine environments that are without solar illumination in winter, light-mediated patterns of biological migration have historically been considered non-existent [1]. However, diel vertical migration (DVM) of zooplankton has been shown to occur even during the darkest part of the polar night, when illumination levels are exceptionally low [2, 3]. This paradox is, as yet, unexplained. Here, we present evidence of an unexpected uniform behavior across the entire Arctic, in fjord, shelf, slope and open sea, where vertical migrations of zooplankton are driven by lunar illumination. A shift from solar-day (24-hr period) to lunar-day (24.8-hr period) vertical migration takes place in winter when the moon rises above the horizon. Further, mass sinking of zooplankton from the surface waters and accumulation at a depth of 50 m occurs every 29.5 days in winter, coincident with the periods of full moon. Moonlight may enable predation of zooplankton by carnivorous zooplankters, fish, and birds now known to feed during the polar night [4]. Although primary production is almost nil at this time, lunar vertical migration (LVM) may facilitate monthly pulses of carbon remineralization, as they occur continuously in illuminated mesopelagic systems [5], due to community respiration of carnivorous and detritivorous zooplankton. The extent of LVM during the winter suggests that the behavior is highly conserved and adaptive and therefore needs to be considered as "baseline" zooplankton activity in a changing Arctic ocean [6-9].