Exploiting DNA Endonucleases to Advance Mechanisms of DNA Repair.
Exploiting DNA Endonucleases to Advance Mechanisms of DNA Repair.
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DOI：
10.3390/biology10060530
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发表时间：
2021-06-14
期刊：
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Prakash A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Thompson MK;Sobol RW;Prakash A
选择性和准确地操纵生物体基因组的方法是可以影响研究实践的强大技术，广泛应用于农业和医学，包括影响疾病风险或发病的能力。在这篇综述文章中，我们重点介绍了几十年来在促进基因组编辑的程序和能力方面取得的进展，这些进展体现在发现、表征和优化成簇的规则间隔短回文重复序列（CRISPR）的加工机制。CRISPR基因修饰系统中的编辑分子就像分子剪刀，在特定的遗传位置切割DNA。CRISPR系统最初被确定为细菌中的一种天然防御机制，现在已经被广泛修改，用于几乎所有的哺乳动物细胞。在描述每个CRISPR机制类别时，我们承认每个类别必须提供的差异和积极属性，以支持允许创建基因敲除、敲入、基因标记、插入、缺失和点突变的编辑。此外，我们还讨论了这些编辑策略如何塑造了DNA修复领域。具体来说，我们提供了CRISPR方法在进一步理解两种主要DNA修复途径，即错配修复和碱基切除修复中的实用性的例子。最早的基因组编辑方法，如锌指核酸酶（ZFN）和转录激活因子样效应物核酸酶（TALEN），利用可定制的DNA结合基序将基因组靶向特定基因座。虽然这些方法提供了序列特异性基因编辑能力，但设计和合成重组核酸酶以识别特定靶序列的费力过程，加上有限的靶选择和较差的编辑效率，最终使这些系统的广泛用途最小化。在大肠杆菌中发现成簇的规则间隔短回文重复序列（CRISPR）可以追溯到1987年，但又过了20年，CRISPR和CRISPR相关（Cas）蛋白才被鉴定为微生物适应性免疫系统的一部分，通过靶向噬菌体DNA来对抗噬菌体再感染。到2013年，CRISPR/Cas9系统已经被改造成允许在哺乳动物细胞中进行基因编辑。设计的简易性、低细胞毒性和提高的效率使CRISPR/Cas9及其相关系统成为许多人选择的设计核酸酶。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了各种CRISPR系统及其在基因组操作中的广泛用途。我们将探索CRISPR控制的修饰如何推进我们对基因组稳定性机制的理解，以DNA修复基因的调节为例。
Approaches to manipulate the genome of an organism, both selectively and accurately, are powerful techniques that can influence research practice, with extensive application to agriculture and medicine, including the ability to impact disease risk or onset. In this review article, we highlight the advances, made over several decades, on the procedures and capacities to facilitate genome editing, manifest with the discovery, characterization, and optimization of the mechanism for processing of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat sequences (CRISPR). The editing molecules in the CRISPR gene modification system behave as molecular scissors, cutting DNA at specific genetic locations. First identified as a natural defense mechanism in bacteria, the CRISPR system has now been extensively modified for use in almost all mammalian cells. In describing each CRISPR mechanistic class, we acknowledge the differences and positive attributes each class has to offer to support editing that allows the creation of gene knockouts, knock-ins, gene tagging, insertions, deletions, and point mutations. Further, we discuss how these editing strategies have shaped the field of DNA repair. Specifically, we provide examples of the utility of CRISPR approaches in furthering our understanding of two of the major DNA repair pathways, namely mismatch repair and base excision repair. The earliest methods of genome editing, such as zinc-finger nucleases (ZFN) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), utilize customizable DNA-binding motifs to target the genome at specific loci. While these approaches provided sequence-specific gene-editing capacity, the laborious process of designing and synthesizing recombinant nucleases to recognize a specific target sequence, combined with limited target choices and poor editing efficiency, ultimately minimized the broad utility of these systems. The discovery of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat sequences (CRISPR) in Escherichia coli dates to 1987, yet it was another 20 years before CRISPR and the CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins were identified as part of the microbial adaptive immune system, by targeting phage DNA, to fight bacteriophage reinfection. By 2013, CRISPR/Cas9 systems had been engineered to allow gene editing in mammalian cells. The ease of design, low cytotoxicity, and increased efficiency have made CRISPR/Cas9 and its related systems the designer nucleases of choice for many. In this review, we discuss the various CRISPR systems and their broad utility in genome manipulation. We will explore how CRISPR-controlled modifications have advanced our understanding of the mechanisms of genome stability, using the modulation of DNA repair genes as examples.
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影响因子：
3.9
作者：
Andersen, Sofie Dabros;Liberti, Sascha Emilie;Rasmussen, Lene Juel
通讯作者：
Rasmussen, Lene Juel
DOI：
10.1126/science.aaf5573
发表时间：
2016-08-05
期刊：
Science (New York, N.Y.)
影响因子：
--
作者：
Abudayyeh OO;Gootenberg JS;Konermann S;Joung J;Slaymaker IM;Cox DB;Shmakov S;Makarova KS;Semenova E;Minakhin L;Severinov K;Regev A;Lander ES;Koonin EV;Zhang F
通讯作者：
Zhang F
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Anders, Carolin;Niewoehner, Ole;Duerst, Alessia;Jinek, Martin
通讯作者：
Jinek, Martin
影响因子：
11.4
作者：
Beloglazova, Natalia;Petit, Pierre;Yakunin, Alexander F.
通讯作者：
Yakunin, Alexander F.
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Al-Shayeb, Basem;Sachdeva, Rohan;Banfield, Jillian F.
通讯作者：
Banfield, Jillian F.