Cascades of violence and a global criminology of place
Cascades of violence and a global criminology of place
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级联暴力和全球犯罪学
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发表时间：
2012
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通讯作者：
J. Braithwaite
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作者：
J. Braithwaite
这项研究是关于一些相同的动态可能导致战争和犯罪的洞察力。由于这一点没有得到很好的理解，国家和平协议有时无法解决根本原因;和平后的暴力死亡有时比战争期间还要高。第二个目标是宏观社会学的想象力，它为观察全球犯罪战争模式开辟了一条新途径。第三部分探讨了如何应对这一问题，提出了犯罪战争理论的五个起始假设：当那些因暴力而流离失所的人将其他人从难民逃往的地方赶走时，暴力就会级联。难民营成为那些导致暴力级联的人的招募中心。连续的暴力浪潮破坏了热点地区的稳定，使其成为霍布斯式的真空地带，吸引了暴力分子。暴力犯罪高度集中在热点地区;世纪的战争集中在地方热点地区。和平是一个热点接一个热点实现的，而不是一个国家接一个国家实现的。需要政治解决办法和和解政治来解决当代暴力，这些暴力不那么具有国家性质，更倾向于地方政治。一种控制政策是一种响应性的执法金字塔，使控制热点的暴力团体有机会在金字塔的底部谈判休战。当他们这样做时，可能会发生肇事者重返社会和对其罪行的羞辱。当放弃暴力的机会被放弃时，就必须下定决心，在武装抵抗逮捕的情况下，在军事能力的支持下，逐步升级到逮捕。如果缺乏这种决心，暴力热点就会激增。通过谈判说服暴力团体放弃对当地犯罪机会热点的控制，并以起诉相威胁，如果同时实现和解，然后重新融入合法的机会结构，就能更持久地防止暴力。
This research is about the insight that some of the same dynamics may cause war and crime. Because this is not well understood, national peace agreements sometimes fail to resolve root causes; violent death is sometimes higher after the peace than during the war. The second ambition is a macrosociological imagination that opens a new way of seeing global patterns of crime-war. A third explores what to do about it. Five starting hypotheses toward a theory of crime-war are advanced: Violence cascades when Those displaced by violence displace others from spaces to which refugees flee. Refugee camps become recruiting centres for those who cause violence to cascade. Hot spots destabilized by successive waves of violence become anomic Hobbesian vacuums that attract violent tyrannies. Violent crime is highly concentrated at hot spots; twenty-first century warfare is concentrated at local hot spots. Peace is accomplished hot spot by hot spot more than nation by nation. Political settlements and a politics of reconciliation are needed to resolve contemporary violence that are less national, more oriented to a local politics of place. One control policy is a responsive enforcement pyramid that gives violent groups in control of hot spots an opportunity to negotiate a truce at the base of the pyramid. When they do, reintegration of perpetrators and shaming of their crimes can occur. When the opportunity to renounce violence is spurned, firm resolve to escalate to arrest backed by military capability in the case of armed resistance to arrest is necessary. Where this resolve is absent, violent hot spots proliferate. Negotiations that persuade violent groups to relinquish control of local hot spots of criminal opportunity under threat of prosecution will prevent violence more permanently when accompanied by reconciliation that is followed by reintegration into legitimate opportunity structures.