Dynamic state-dependent modelling predicts optimal usage patterns of responsive defences.
Dynamic state-dependent modelling predicts optimal usage patterns of responsive defences.
复制标题
动态状态相关建模可以预测响应防御的最佳使用模式。
DOI：
10.1007/s00442-009-1296-y
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发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Higginson AD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Higginson AD
针对捕食的化学防御通常涉及对特定捕食事件的反应，其中猎物排出液体，如血淋巴或肠道内容物，这是令捕食者厌恶的。共同的联系是，每一次被避免的捕食尝试都会导致能量消耗和猎物化学防御的减少，如果下一次捕食尝试很快发生，这可能会使猎物变得脆弱。既然猎物似乎能够控制它们的反应的大小，我们应该期望它们在需要击退当前的威胁与需要保持防御以对抗未来的威胁以及为其他基本活动保存能量之间进行权衡。在这里，我们使用动态状态依赖模型来预测最佳策略的防御部署在少年阶段的动物，必须生存到成熟。我们探讨的重要性，资源水平，捕食者密度，并作出防御的反应和最佳年龄和大小的大小在成熟的幅度的成本。我们预测的投资模式和防御部署的规模，以潜在的多个攻击在少年时期，并表明，反应应该是较小的防御和/或捕食风险的成本较高时。该模型使我们能够预测，防御有利于成年阶段的动物将采用不同的策略，而不是那些不使用相同的防御作为成年人，从而经历一个较小的减少身体大小作为重复攻击的结果。我们还探讨了成年大小的重要性的影响，并发现猎物的性别和交配系统也应该影响防御策略。我们的工作提供了第一个预测理论的适应性使用响应防御跨类群。
Chemical defences against predation often involve responses to specific predation events where the prey expels fluids, such as haemolymph or gut contents, which are aversive to the predator. The common link is that each predation attempt that is averted results in an energetic cost and a reduction in the chemical defences of the prey, which might leave the prey vulnerable if the next predation attempt occurs soon afterwards. Since prey appear to be able to control the magnitude of their responses, we should expect them to trade-off the need to repel the current threat against the need to preserve defences against future threats and conserve energy for other essential activities. Here we use dynamic state-dependent models to predict optimal strategies of defence deployment in the juvenile stage of an animal that has to survive to maturation. We explore the importance of resource level, predator density, and the costs of making defences on the magnitude of the responses and optimal age and size at maturation. We predict the patterns of investment and the magnitude of the deployment of defences to potentially multiple attacks over the juvenile period, and show that responses should be smaller when the costs of defences and/or predation risk are higher. The model enables us to predict that animals in which defences benefit the adult stage will employ different strategies than those that do not use the same defences as adults, and thereby experience a smaller reduction in body size as a result of repeated attacks. We also explore the effect of the importance of adult size, and find that the sex and mating system of the prey should also affect defensive strategies. Our work provides the first predictive theory of the adaptive use of responsive defences across taxa.