Review of methods to measure internal contamination in an emergency
Review of methods to measure internal contamination in an emergency
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DOI：
10.1088/0952-4746/35/2/r1
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发表时间：
2015-04
影响因子：
1.5
通讯作者：
M. Youngman
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Youngman
如果发生辐射紧急情况，靠近事故现场的人员可能会因外部照射或摄入放射性物质而受到辐射。对于这些事件，可能有必要监测公众的外部和内部污染情况。这项工作审查了当前可用的用于评估紧急情况后内部暴露的设备。它重点关注涉及放射性物质扩散和发射穿透辐射的放射性核素污染的事件。必须尽快进行这种监测，以便能够识别出接触过可能影响健康水平的人并立即接受医疗评估。审查确定需要医疗护理人员的拟议行动水平，以确定监测设备所需的灵敏度。对于含有伽马射线发射放射性核素的释放，测量内部污染的最佳方法是使用靠近身体放置的探测器（全身或部分身体监测）。可以使用基于实验室的全身监测器，但这些监测器的位置很可能不方便，因此可以部署到事故现场的设备已经被开发出来并被描述。还讨论了快速选择监测人员并确定其优先顺序的必要性、处理潜在大量受污染人群的方法以及快速解释监测信息的方法的要求。人们发现，对于许多类型的事件和场景，基于非屏蔽高分辨率探测器和手持式仪器的系统确实具有识别需要医疗评估的人员所需的灵敏度。
In the event of a radiation emergency, people close to the site of the incident may be exposed to radiation by external exposure, or as a result of intakes of radioactive material. For these incidents it may be necessary to monitor members of the public both for external and internal contamination. This work reviews currently available equipment for the assessment of internal exposure following an emergency. It concentrates on incidents involving the spread of radioactive material and on contamination by radionuclides which emit penetrating radiation. It is essential that this monitoring is carried out as soon as possible so that people who have been exposed at a level which could have an effect on health can be identified and receive prompt medical assessment. Proposed action levels to identify people who need medical attention are reviewed to determine the required sensitivity of monitoring equipment. For releases containing gamma-ray emitting radionuclides the best means of measuring internal contamination is to use detectors placed close to the body (whole body or partial body monitoring). Laboratory based whole body monitors could be used but these may well be inconveniently located and so equipment which can be deployed to the site of an incident has been developed and these are described. The need for rapid selection and prioritisation of people for monitoring, methods to deal with potentially high numbers of contaminated people and the requirement for a means of rapidly interpreting monitoring information are also discussed. It has been found that for many types of incidents and scenarios, systems based on unshielded high-resolution detectors and hand-held instruments do have the required sensitivity to identify people who require medical assessment.