Evolution of the human hand: approaches to acquiring, analysing and interpreting the anatomical evidence
Evolution of the human hand: approaches to acquiring, analysing and interpreting the anatomical evidence
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DOI：
10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19710121.x
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发表时间：
2000-07-01
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Marzke, RF
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Marzke, MW;Marzke, RF
1960年，在奥杜威峡谷发现了早期人类祖先的手骨化石，与原始石器处于同一水平，引发了一场关于工具在人类手进化中的作用的辩论，这场辩论一直持续到今天。奥杜威之手会不会是制造工具的？人类的手是为了适应工具的制造和使用而进化的吗？这场争论是由解剖学研究和实验观察引发的，这些研究比较了人类和非人类灵长类动物的手。这些研究评估了猿类和人类制造奥氏工具的相对能力，但在如何将来自活物种的实验数据转化为预测化石手性能的定量模型方面存在分歧，阻碍了共识的达成。随着新技术被应用于获取、管理和分析有关动力学和运动学变量的数据，从手关节结构、肌肉力学、骨的分布和密度到关节运动和操纵行为期间的肌肉招募，这种模型现已开始成形。系统的比较研究突出了人类手部功能的复杂性，促进了一种独特的握法，这种握法显然比各种非人类灵长类物种的握法更有效地用于石器制作。新技术正在识别骨骼变量，其形式可能为化石原始人手的潜力提供线索，以实现单手精确抓握和精细精确的操纵运动，这两者对于习惯和有效的工具制造和工具使用至关重要。
The discovery of fossil hand bones from an early human ancestor at Olduvai Gorge in 1960, at the same level as primitive stone tools, generated a debate about the role of tools in the evolution of the human hand that has raged to the present day. Could the Olduvai hand have made the tools? Did the human hand evolve as an adaptation to tool making and tool use? The debate has been fueled by anatomical studies comparing living and fossil human and nonhuman primate hands, and by experimental observations. These have assessed the relative abilities of apes and humans to manufacture the Oldowan tools, but consensus has been hampered by disagreements about how to translate experimental data from living species into quantitative models for predicting the performance of fossil hands. Such models are now beginning to take shape as new techniques are applied to the capture, management and analysis of data on kinetic and kinematic variables ranging from hand joint structure, muscle mechanics, and the distribution and density of bone to joint movements and muscle recruitment during manipulative behaviour. The systematic comparative studies are highlighting a functional complex of features in the human hand facilitating a distinctive repertoire of grips that are apparently more effective for stone tool making than grips characterising various nonhuman primate species. The new techniques are identifying skeletal variables whose form may provide clues to the potential of fossil hominid hands for one-handed firm precision grips and fine precision manoeuvering movements, both of which are essential for habitual and effective tool making and tool use.