Particle Emissions from Ships
Particle Emissions from Ships
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发表时间：
2016
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通讯作者：
Maria Zetterdahl
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作者：
Maria Zetterdahl
自 2015 年 1 月 1 日起，在硫排放控制区 (SECA) 运营的船舶必须使用硫含量低于 0.1%m/m 的船用燃料。该规定迫使船东进行燃料转换并使用低硫船用燃油、使用替代燃料或在船上使用洗涤器。燃料硫含量监管背后的驱动力之一是减少有害颗粒向空气中的排放。本论文重点关注前两个策略，并评估燃料硫含量和其他燃料特性如何影响颗粒物排放。本论文介绍了在试验台发动机实验室和船上运营船舶上进行的颗粒测量结果，重点关注排放颗粒的数量、质量和尺寸。船上测量考虑了燃料如何从重质燃油转变为低硫残留船用燃油，以及替代燃料（在本例中为液化天然气（LNG））的使用如何影响颗粒排放。在试验台发动机测量中，研究了不同类型燃料的颗粒排放以及燃料硫含量和其他燃料特性（主要是芳烃含量）的影响。结果强调，降低燃料硫含量并不是减少颗粒排放的唯一解决方案，还需要考虑其他燃料特性。燃料硫含量影响直径为 50 nm 或更小的颗粒的排放，而其他燃料特性则影响所有尺寸的颗粒。芳烃含量的增加并没有导致颗粒排放的增加，这表明芳烃含量可能不会对船舶颗粒排放发挥关键作用。此外，燃料转换策略以及从重质燃油改为低硫残渣船用燃油并没有显着影响排放的颗粒物数量：排放的颗粒物数量相似，而较小颗粒物的排放量有所增加。相比之下，使用替代燃料（此处为液化天然气）的策略可显着减少颗粒排放。此外，结果还强调了在研究船舶颗粒排放以及未来对这些排放的监管时测量排放颗粒数量的重要性。
Since 1st of January 2015 ships operating in sulphur emission control areas (SECAs) have to use marine fuels with a fuel sulphur content less than 0.1 %m/m. This regulation forces the ship owners to make a fuel shift and use low-sulphur marine fuel oils, use alternative fuels or use scrubbers on-board their ships. One driving force behind the regulation of the fuel sulphur content was to reduce the emissions to air of harmful particles. This thesis focuses on the two first strategies and evaluate how fuel sulphur content and other fuel characteristics affect the particle emissions. This thesis presents results from particle measurements done in test-bed engine labs and on-board operating ships, with focus on number, mass and sizes of the emitted particles. The on-board measurements considered how a fuel shift from a heavy fuel oil to a low-sulphur residual marine fuel oil and how use of an alternative fuel, in this case liquefied natural gas (LNG) affect the particle emissions. In the test-bed engine measurements the particle emissions from different types of fuels and the effects of fuel sulphur content and other fuel characteristics, primarily the content of aromatics, were investigated. The results highlight that reduced fuel sulphur contents will not be the only solution for reducing particle emissions, and other fuel characteristics need to be considered. The fuel sulphur content influences the emissions of particles with a diameter of 50 nm or less, whereas other fuel characteristics affect particles in all sizes. An increased content of aromatics did not result in increasing particle emissions, which indicate that the content of aromatics may not play a crucial role with respect to particle emissions from ships. Furthermore, the fuel shift strategy and changing from heavy fuel oil to a low-sulphur residual marine fuel oil, did not affect the number of particles emitted significantly: similar amounts of number of particles were emitted and there was an increase in the emissions of smaller particles. In contrast, the strategy of using an alternative fuel, here LNG, resulted in significant reductions of the particle emissions. Furthermore, the results also highlight the importance of conducting measurements of number of particles emitted when studying particle emissions from ships and in any future regulation of these emissions.