Adult Development and Aging in Historical Context
Adult Development and Aging in Historical Context
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DOI：
10.1037/amp0000596
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发表时间：
2020-05-01
影响因子：
16.4
通讯作者：
Ram, Nilam
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gerstorf, Denis;Hulur, Gizem;Ram, Nilam
人的功能和发展是由社会文化背景和在这些背景下发生的历史变化塑造的。在过去的世纪，社会文化的变化，如增加早期生活教育，深刻地重塑了规范的发展顺序。在这篇文章中，我们首先简要回顾了历史评分的变化如何影响老年人的客观表现和主观评价水平，并得出结论，美国和德国等国家的老年人越来越年轻。无论是在行为测量上还是在人们自己的感知上。第二，我们把这些发现放在一个更大的视角，并注意到一些“假定”的原因推动历史的变化。第三，我们确定了需要进一步描述的变化的关键方面，包括以下方面的历史分级变化：（a）成年期经历的形成作用;（B）成人发展和衰老的人内轨迹，包括变化率，变化模式和因果影响;（c）非常老的年龄和生命结束的结构;以及（d）在未来几十年可能会发生什么。我们提出了一些原因，为什么在过去的世纪老年人获得的历史变化的玫瑰色的图片不一定在未来继续。在最后一步中，我们概述了可能用于发现和测试驱动历史分级变化的机制的有前途的方法，并为未来几代老年人的功能和发展的预测和优化提供信息。
Human functioning and development are shaped by sociocultural contexts and by the historical changes that occur in these contexts. Over the last century, sociocultural changes such as increases in early life education have profoundly reshaped normative developmental sequences. In this article, we first briefly review how history-graded changes have influenced levels of objective performance and subjective evaluations among older adults and conclude that old age in countries such as the United States and Germany is getting younger. both on behavioral measures and in people's own perception. Second, we put these findings in a larger perspective and note some of the "presumed" causes driving historical change. Third, we identify key aspects of change that need to be further described, including history-graded change in (a) the formative role of experiences made across adulthood; (b) within-person trajectories of adult development and aging, including rates of change, patterns of variation, and causal influence; (c) the structure of very old age and the end of life; and (d) what may be expected in the forthcoming decades. We suggest a number of reasons why the rosy picture of historical change obtained for older adults over the last century may not necessarily continue in the future. In a final step, we outline promising methods that might be used to discover and test mechanisms driving history-graded changes, and to inform projection and optimization of functioning and development in future generations of older adults.