When and Why Nature Gained Angiosperms
When and Why Nature Gained Angiosperms
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-030-35058-1_5
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发表时间：
2020
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Kvaček;C. Coiffard;M. Gandolfo;A. Herman;J. Legrand;M. Mendes;H. Nishida;Sun Ge;Hongshan Wang
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Kvaček;C. Coiffard;M. Gandolfo;A. Herman;J. Legrand;M. Mendes;H. Nishida;Sun Ge;Hongshan Wang
被子植物是我们星球上最多样化的植物群。今天，它们在大多数植被类型中占主导地位，但它们的起源仍然是一个谜。然而，我们继续获得有关其早期演变和历史的知识。它们的起源似乎越来越可能与热带地区的气候和环境变化有关，并且与冈瓦纳超大陆的分裂是同时代的。第一个被子植物出现在大约1.35亿年前的化石记录中，这是基于它们罕见的花粉粒在北冈瓦纳和西南欧的化石组合中的出现。它们的进化可能与气候扰动和湿地到中生植物栖息地的总体变化有关，因为这一群体适应于季节性干燥的气候。在瓦兰吉晚期第一批早期被子植物出现后不久，高等被子植物，真双子叶植物，成为非洲化石记录的一部分。这些最初的开花植物有不显眼的小花和小果实，很可能是矮小的草本植物和灌木。被子植物在整个景观的矿物质土壤中定居后，它们将栖息地扩展到水生环境，并进化出在这些环境中快速扩散的策略。到白垩纪中期（90-100 Ma），被子植物征服了两个半球的高纬度地区，并扩展到各种热带和暖温带（=亚热带）环境。金粟兰、月桂和悬铃木经历了它们的全盛时期。晚白垩世，核心被子植物和高等真双子叶植物迅速演化，到白垩纪末几乎所有现存被子植物科都出现了。被子植物分支发展出一种生理学，能够克服干旱条件的森诺曼人。然而，他们的扩张和殖民化的中生高地栖息地只发生在晚白垩世。季节性干旱的栖息地，如稀树草原，在晚白垩世被被子植物居住，第一个禾本科植物的证据。
Flowering plants, the angiosperms, are the most diverse group of plants on our planet. Today, they dominate most vegetation types, but their origin continues to remain a mystery. However, we continue to gain knowledge about their early evolution and history. It seems increasingly probable that their origin is associated with climatic and environmental changes in tropical areas and was coeval with the breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana. The first angiosperms appeared in the fossil record about 135 million years ago based on the occurrence of their rare pollen grains in fossil assemblages of North Gondwana and southwest Europe. Their evolution may be associated with climate perturbation and an overall change in wetland to mesophytic habitats, as this group is adapted to tolerate a seasonally dry climate. Soon after the first early angiosperms in the late Valanginian, higher angiosperms, the eudicots, are part of the fossil record of Africa. These initial flowering plants had small inconspicuous flowers and small fruits, and were most probably of small growth stature, likely herbs and shrubs. After angiosperms colonized mineral soils across the landscape, they expanded their habitats to aquatic environments and evolved strategies for their rapid dispersal in these settings. By the mid-Cretaceous (90–100 Ma), angiosperms conquered higher latitudes in both hemispheres and expanded into various tropical to warm temperate (= subtropical) environments. Chloranthoids, laurels, and plane trees experienced their heyday. In the Late Cretaceous, core∗ and higher eudicots evolved rapidly, and nearly all extant angiosperm families appeared by the end of the Cretaceous. Angiosperm clades developed a physiology capable of overcoming drought conditions by the Cenomanian. However, their expansion and colonization of mesophytic upland habitats only took place in the Late Cretaceous. Seasonally dry habitats, such as savannas, were inhabited by angiosperms in the Late Cretaceous, with the first evidence of graminoids.