Analytical Techniques in Neuroscience: Recent Advances in Imaging, Separation, and Electrochemical Methods.
Analytical Techniques in Neuroscience: Recent Advances in Imaging, Separation, and Electrochemical Methods.
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神经科学中的分析技术：成像，分离和电化学方法的最新进展。
DOI：
10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04278
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发表时间：
2017-01-03
影响因子：
7.4
通讯作者：
Venton BJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ganesana M;Lee ST;Wang Y;Venton BJ
我们如何理解大脑中的神经元信号，神经元如何控制行为，或者疾病期间信号如何失灵？神经科学家可能采取两种方法：研究动作电位或研究释放的神经递质。艾略特·瓦伦丁称之为“火花和汤”。(1)虽然细胞放电可以提供有关细胞如何连接的信息，但理解化学变化对于真正理解神经元通信是必要的。测量大脑中的化学物质具有挑战性，因为大量的化学物质在不同的时间和长度尺度上发出信号。没有一种技术可以测量所有这些尺度。因此，分析化学家已经开发了许多工具来测量神经化学物质，并在这些技术的最新进展进行了描述。这些技术分为三个部分：（1）成像技术（包括荧光，功能性磁共振成像（fMRI），正电子发射断层扫描（PET）和质谱（MS）），（2）采样和分离技术（包括微透析，推拉灌注，高效液相色谱（HPLC），毛细管电泳（CE）和微流体），和（3）电化学技术（包括胞吐测量，快速扫描循环伏安法（FSCV）和电极开发）。由于主题范围广泛，我们集中在过去3年中有技术进步的论文上。在这个问题上的一个附带的审查涵盖了全方位的体内电化学传感器的深度。(2)这篇综述表明，分析神经科学领域已经取得了实质性的进展。研究正在将这些技术推向更快的时间尺度，低至毫秒，但也解决了连续几天长期监测化学物质的需求。不同的空间尺度：从单个突触的胞吐，到微米尺度，区域信号协调，到全脑成像。分析测量正在超越传统的神经化学物质，如氧气和多巴胺，进入新类型的分子，如小分子神经调节剂，肽，蛋白质和脂质。最终的结果是，没有一种技术可以做到这一切;相反，通过串联使用来自许多技术的信息，可以更好地了解“汤”。
How do we understand neuronal signaling in the brain, how neurons control behavior, or how signaling malfunctions during disease? Neuroscientists might take two approaches: studying action potentials or studying the resultant neurotransmitters that are released. Elliott Valentine has termed these “the sparks and the soup”.(1) While cell firing can give information about how cells are connected, understanding chemical changes is necessary to truly understand neuronal communication. Measuring chemicals in the brain is challenging because of the vast number of chemicals that signal on different time and length scales. No one technique can measure over all these scales. Thus, analytical chemists have developed many tools for measuring neurochemicals, and recent advances in these techniques are described in this Review. The techniques are divided into three sections:(1) imaging techniques (including fluorescence, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and mass spectrometry (MS)),(2) sampling and separations techniques (including microdialysis, push–pull perfusion, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), and microfluidics), and (3) electrochemical techniques (including exocytosis measurements, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV), and electrode development). Because the range of topics is broad, we concentrated on papers from the last 3 years which had technical advances. An accompanying review in this issue covers a full range of in vivo electrochemical sensors in depth.(2) This Review shows that there has been substantial progress in the field of analytical neuroscience. Research is pushing the techniques to faster time scales, down to the millisecond, but also addressing the need to monitor chemicals chronically for days at a time. Different spatial scales are addressed: from exocytosis at single synapses, to micrometer-scale, regional coordination of signaling, to whole brain imaging. Analytical measurements are moving beyond traditional neurochemicals, such as oxygen and dopamine, into new types of molecules, such as small molecule neuromodulators, peptides, proteins, and lipids. The end result is that no one technique can do it all; instead, a better picture of the “soup” is gained by using information from many techniques in tandem.