Oak Galls Exhibit Ant Dispersal Convergent with Myrmecochorous Seeds
Oak Galls Exhibit Ant Dispersal Convergent with Myrmecochorous Seeds
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橡树瘿表现出蚂蚁传播与密生菌种子的融合
DOI：
10.1086/720283
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发表时间：
2022
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Deans, Andrew R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Warren, Robert J.;Guiguet, Antoine;Mokadam, Chloe;Tooker, John F.;Deans, Andrew R.
蚂蚁传播一些cynipid黄蜂物种的橡树瘿类似于他们如何传播种子与elaiosomes。我们进行了选择试验，在现场和实验室设置与蚂蚁分散的种子和黄蜂诱导的虫瘿中发现的蚂蚁巢，发现种子分散蚂蚁检索这些虫瘿，因为他们做myrmecochorous种子。我们还进行了操纵实验，在实验中，我们从虫瘿中去除了假定的吸引蚂蚁的附属物（“kapéllos”），发现蚂蚁特别被kapéllos吸引。最后，我们比较了种子和虫瘿上吸引蚂蚁的附属物的化学组成和组织学，发现它们具有相似的脂肪酸组成以及形态。我们还观察到种子传播蚂蚁检索橡树胆他们的巢和啮齿动物和鸟类消耗橡树胆，而不是由蚂蚁检索。这些结果表明收敛蚁介导的传播myrmecochorous种子和橡树瘿。根据我们的观察，一个保护性的优势，虫瘿收回蚁巢似乎更可能比传播距离的好处，也已建议myrmecochorous种子。这些结果需要重新考虑既定的蚂蚁植物的研究假设，蚂蚁介导的种子和虫瘿传播出现强烈收敛和虫瘿可能是更丰富的北美东部落叶林比myrmecochorous种子。
Ants disperse oak galls of some cynipid wasp species similarly to how they disperse seeds with elaiosomes. We conducted choice assays in field and laboratory settings with ant-dispersed seeds and wasp-induced galls found in ant nests and found that seed-dispersing ants retrieve these galls as they do myrmecochorous seeds. We also conducted manipulative experiments in which we removed the putative ant-attracting appendages (“kapéllos”) from galls and found that ants are specifically attracted to kapéllos. Finally, we compared the chemical composition and histology of ant-attracting appendages on seeds and galls and found that they both have similar fatty acid compositions as well as morphology. We also observed seed-dispersing ants retrieving oak galls to their nests and rodents and birds consuming oak galls that were not retrieved by ants. These results suggest convergence in ant-mediated dispersal between myrmecochorous seeds and oak galls. Based on our observations, a protective advantage for galls retrieved to ant nests seems a more likely benefit than dispersal distance, as has also been suggested for myrmecochorous seeds. These results require reconsideration of established ant-plant research assumptions, as ant-mediated seed and gall dispersal appear strongly convergent and galls may be far more abundant in eastern North American deciduous forests than myrmecochorous seeds.
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