Exposure and susceptibility: The Twin Pillars of infection
Exposure and susceptibility: The Twin Pillars of infection
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暴露和易感性：感染的两大支柱
DOI：
10.1111/1365-2435.14065
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Sweeny A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sweeny A
暴露和易感性是每种生物体感染状态的基础，无数的因素可以驱动两者的变化。通常情况下，暴露和易感性都会随着特定因素的变化而变化，它们可以相互作用，从而使它们对观察到的疾病动态的相对贡献变得模糊。这些相互独立又相互联系的变化往往使疾病生态学和生态免疫学的经验推理复杂化，尽管许多疾病生态学研究都致力于解决这一问题，但它往往是隐含的而不是明确的，需要一套特定的工具来解决。此外，到目前为止，还没有一个既定的概念框架来解开易感性和暴露过程。在这里，我们巩固了以前的理论和经验的理解有关的易感性和暴露，我们称之为“双支柱问题”的包围效果。我们提供了一个概念化暴露-易感性相互作用的框架，在这些相互作用中，它们相互掩盖、混淆、诱导或抵消，并为每个复杂机制提供了一些众所周知的例子。我们综合了预测和控制暴露和易感性之间协方差的指导方针，并详细介绍了研究人员用来处理这些问题的统计和操作方法。最后，我们讨论了他们在生态学研究中的新前沿，以及他们在野生动物和人类健康领域进一步整合的潜力。
Exposure and susceptibility underlie every organism's infection status, and an untold diversity of factors can drive variation in both. Often, both exposure and susceptibility change in response to a given factor, and they can interact, such that their relative contributions to observed disease dynamics are obscured. These independent and interlinked changes often complicate empirical inference in disease ecology and ecoimmunology.Although many disease ecology studies address this problem, it is often implicit rather than explicit and requires a specific set of tools to tackle. Moreover, as yet, there is no established conceptual framework for disentangling susceptibility and exposure processes.Here, we consolidate previous theory and empirical understanding regarding the entwined effects of susceptibility and exposure, which we refer to as ‘the Twin Pillar Problem’. We provide a framework for conceptualising exposure–susceptibility interactions, where they obscure, confound, induce or counteract one another, providing some well‐known examples for each complicating mechanism.We synthesise guidelines for anticipating and controlling for covariance between exposure and susceptibility, and we detail statistical and operational methodology that researchers have employed to deal with them. Finally, we discuss novel emerging frontiers in their study in ecology, and their potential for further integration in the fields of wildlife and human health.Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.