Guilt in young children: Development, determinants, and relations with a broader system of standards
Guilt in young children: Development, determinants, and relations with a broader system of standards
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DOI：
10.1111/1467-8624.00418
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发表时间：
2002-03-01
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Nichols, KE
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kochanska, G;Gross, JN;Nichols, KE
在这项关于内疚感早期发展的综合研究中，106名儿童在实验室范式中被观察到，在22个月，33个月和45个月的评估中，他们被引导相信他们损坏了贵重物品。内疚感的行为和情感成分在整个过程中显著一致，相互融合，在所有评估中保持稳定，并与母亲的报告适度一致。大多数组件随着年龄的增长而下降，除了身体紧张，这增加。在33个月和45个月时，女孩比男孩表现出更多的内疚感。在典型的恐惧诱导范式中更加恐惧的孩子也表现出更多的内疚感。在观察和自我报告中，母亲更依赖于权力主张型纪律的孩子表现出更少的内疚感。内疚感与18个月时的自我发展呈正相关，与56个月时的道德自我呈正相关。表现出更多内疚的孩子在56个月大时不太可能违反行为规则。支持一种中介模型：恐惧的气质会导致内疚倾向，而内疚倾向反过来又会抑制儿童违反规则的倾向。
In this comprehensive study of the early development of guilt, 106 children were observed in laboratory paradigms in which they were led to believe that they had damaged valuable objects, during two separate sessions at each of the assessments at 22, 33, and 45 months. The behavioral and affective components of guilt cohered significantly across the sessions, converged with each other, were stable across all the assessments, and corresponded modestly with maternal reports. Most components decreased with age, except for bodily tension, which increased. At 33 and 45 months, girls displayed more guilt than did boys. Children who were more fearful in typical fear-inducing paradigms also displayed more guilt. Children of mothers who relied on more power-assertive discipline, observed and self-reported, displayed less guilt. Guilt related positively to the development of self at 18 months and to moral self at 56 months. Children who displayed more guilt were less likely to violate rules of conduct at 56 months. A mediational model was supported: Fearful temperament contributed to guilt proneness, which in turn served to inhibit children's tendency to violate rules.