The precautionary principle: a new approach to public decision-making?
The precautionary principle: a new approach to public decision-making?
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预防原则：公共决策的新方法？
DOI：
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发表时间：
2006
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
K. Steele
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
K. Steele
预防原则建议预防对人类健康和环境可能造成的危害。它作为一项高级法律的原则得到了国际社会的支持，应当指导公共政策和具体法律的制定。但它也是许多批评的目标，许多人认为该原则是空洞的，不一致的或基于对风险的过度保守态度。我认为，预防原则的价值在于，它强调了良好的决策方面，超出了正式的决策理论的范围，往往在实践中被忽视。它最好被设想为提供制定决策问题的指导方针，而不是挑战标准决策规则。为此，该原则主张相对于可行的替代方案对行为进行评估，并适当表述行为的所有潜在后果（包括概率性或科学上不确定的后果）。在确定合适的结果效用和举证责任方面，我认为预防原则呼吁与“可持续发展”相关的伦理理想。最后，我概述了环境决策原则的一些一般含义。
The precautionary principle recommends preventing possible harm to human health and environment. It has gained support in the international community as a higher-order legal principle that should guide public policy and the formulation of specific laws. But it is also the target of much criticism, with many arguing that the principle is vacuous, inconsistent or based on an excessively conservative attitude towards risk. I argue that the value of the precautionary principle is that it emphasises aspects of good decision-making that go beyond the scope of formal decision theory, and are often neglected in practice. It is best conceived as providing guidelines for formulating a decision problem, as opposed to challenging standard decision rules. To this effect, the principle advocates assessment of acts relative to feasible alternatives, and proper representation of all potential outcomes of acts (including those outcomes that are probabilistic or scientifically uncertain). In terms of determining suitable outcome utilities and burdens of proof, I claim that the precautionary principle appeals to ethical ideals associated with 'sustainable development'. I finally outline some general implications of the principle for environmental decision-making.