Dermal and Inhalation Exposure to Methylene Bisphenyl Isocyanate (MDI) in Iron Foundry Workers
Dermal and Inhalation Exposure to Methylene Bisphenyl Isocyanate (MDI) in Iron Foundry Workers
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DOI：
10.1093/annhyg/mep067
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发表时间：
2010-01-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Nylander-French, L. A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Liljelind, I.;Norberg, C.;Nylander-French, L. A.
二异氰酸酯是一组化学反应剂，用于生产涂料、粘合剂、聚氨酯泡沫和汽车工业零件，以及铸造工业中作为型芯的固化剂。皮肤和吸入接触亚甲基双苯基异氰酸酯 (MDI) 与呼吸道过敏和职业性哮喘有关。然而，对职业接触 MDI 的工人皮肤和吸入 MDI 暴露的定量评估研究有限。本研究的目的是量化铸铁工人的皮肤和吸入暴露水平。参与机械化造型和机械化制芯生产的工人受到监控：12 名制芯工、2 名制芯工和 5 名制芯工。使用浸渍过滤器采样测量个人呼吸区的 MDI 水平。使用胶带剥离技术测量皮肤对 MDI 的暴露。从五个暴露的皮肤区域（左右食指、左右手腕和前额）收集三个或五个连续的胶带样本。个人空气中平均浓度为0.55μgm(-3)，比瑞典职业接触限值30μgm(-3)低50倍。制芯工的平均暴露量为0.77μg·m(-3)，与岩心安装工和制芯工的平均暴露量0.16μg·m(-3)没有显着差异(P=0.059)。三个核心制造商的吸入暴露量是其他核心制造商的 10 倍。核心制造者在不同皮肤部位的平均皮肤暴露量为 0.13 至 0.34 微克，而其他两组的暴露量为 0.006 至 0.062 微克。两对比较中，除左食指与左右手腕相比，皮肤部位之间的 MDI 水平没有观察到显着差异（P < 0.05）。此外，在每个部位的连续胶带条中观察到可量化但不断下降的 MDI 水平，表明 MDI 渗透到皮肤中。这项研究表明，即使空气水平接近无法量化，也可以量化工人皮肤上 MDI 的暴露量。因此，证明了未固化的 MDI 沉积在皮肤上并渗透到皮肤中的可能性。因此，应在存在 MDI 的职业环境中测量 MDI 的皮肤暴露和吸入暴露，以阐明它们在职业性异氰酸酯哮喘发展中的作用。
Diisocyanates are a group of chemically reactive agents, which are used in the production of coatings, adhesives, polyurethane foams, and parts for the automotive industry and as curing agents for cores in the foundry industry. Dermal and inhalation exposure to methylene bisphenyl isocyanate (MDI) is associated with respiratory sensitization and occupational asthma. However, limited research has been performed on the quantitative evaluation of dermal and inhalation exposure to MDI in occupationally exposed workers. The objective of this research was to quantify dermal and inhalation exposure levels in iron foundry workers. Workers involved in mechanized moulding and mechanized production of cores were monitored: 12 core makers, 2 core-sand preparers, and 5 core installers. Personal breathing-zone levels of MDI were measured using impregnated filter sampling. Dermal exposure to MDI was measured using a tape-strip technique. Three or five consecutive tape-strip samples were collected from five exposed skin areas (right and left forefingers, left and right wrists, and forehead). The average personal air concentration was 0.55 mu g m(-3), 50-fold lower than the Swedish occupational exposure limit of 30 mu g m(-3). The core makers had an average exposure of 0.77 mu g m(-3), which was not significantly different from core installers' and core-sand preparers' average exposure of 0.16 mu g m(-3) (P = 0.059). Three core makers had a 10-fold higher inhalation exposure than the other core makers. The core makers' mean dermal exposure at different skin sites varied from 0.13 to 0.34 mu g while the two other groups' exposure ranged from 0.006 to 0.062 mu g. No significant difference was observed in the MDI levels between the skin sites in a pairwise comparison, except for left forefinger compared to left and right wrist (P < 0.05). In addition, quantifiable but decreasing levels of MDI were observed in the consecutive tape strip per site indicating MDI penetration into the skin. This study indicates that exposure to MDI can be quantified on workers' skin even if air levels are close to unquantifiable. Thus, the potential for uncured MDI to deposit on and penetrate into the skin is demonstrated. Therefore, dermal exposure along with inhalation exposure to MDI should be measured in the occupational settings where MDI is present in order to shed light on their roles in the development of occupational isocyanate asthma.