Smoking cessation and gender: the influence of physiological, psychological, and behavioral factors.
Smoking cessation and gender: the influence of physiological, psychological, and behavioral factors.
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发表时间：
1996
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通讯作者：
E. Gritz;I. Nielsen;L. Brooks
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作者：
E. Gritz;I. Nielsen;L. Brooks
虽然戒烟的性别差异确实存在，但尚不清楚这些差异是否会影响戒烟结果。大量基于人群的调查显示，在戒烟或保持戒烟的能力方面几乎没有性别差异;然而，个别研究继续出现相互矛盾的报告。现有的证据评估可能的性别差异有关的生理，心理和行为因素进行了审查。影响女性的生理因素包括：对尼古丁的不同敏感性和耐受性，更大的戒断症状，以及与月经周期有关的戒烟时间的重要性。行为和心理因素包括：害怕体重增加、需要社会支持、抑郁和吸烟的负面影响、自我效能（对戒烟能力的信心）和改变阶段（准备戒烟）。大多数研究报告的是按性别分列的数据，缺乏确定不同趋势的能力。在可行的情况下，在戒烟研究的设计中应将性别作为分层变量。为了证明针对性别的干预措施是合理的，需要进行更多的前瞻性随机研究。
While gender differences in smoking cessation do exist, it is unclear whether these differences affect smoking cessation outcomes. Large population-based surveys have shown few gender differences in the ability to quit or to stay quit; conflicting reports continue to emerge from individual studies, however. Existing evidence evaluating possible gender differences related to physiological, psychological, and behavioral factors is reviewed in this paper. Physiological factors affecting women include: differential sensitivity and tolerance to nicotine, greater withdrawal symptoms, and the importance of timing quit attempts in relation to the menstrual cycle. Behavioral and psychological factors include the following: fear of weight gain, need for social support, depression and negative affect smoking, self-efficacy (confidence in ability to quit), and stage of change (readiness to quit smoking). The majority of studies report gender-pooled data and lack the power to identify differential trends. Gender should be used as a stratification variable in the design of smoking cessation studies whenever feasible. To justify gender-specific interventions, more prospective, randomized studies need to be undertaken.