First approach to the Japanese nitrogen footprint model to predict the loss of nitrogen to the environment
First approach to the Japanese nitrogen footprint model to predict the loss of nitrogen to the environment
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DOI：
10.1088/1748-9326/9/11/115013
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发表时间：
2014-11-01
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
Galloway, James N.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Shibata, Hideaki;Cattaneo, Lia R.;Galloway, James N.
人类通过许多过程，主要是食物和能源生产，增加了环境中活性氮（除N-2外的所有N物种）的数量。一旦进入环境中，过量的活性氮可能会导致许多各种环境问题。了解和控制个人氮足迹对于保护环境和人类健康至关重要。在本文中，我们介绍了日本的人均氮足迹。我们考虑了食品和饲料国际贸易的影响，以及不同消费者年龄组的饮食偏好的影响。我们的结果表明，考虑到贸易，日本目前的人均氮足迹为28.1公斤人均氮（-1）年（-1）。这一足迹主要是食品（人均25.6千克氮（-1）年（-1）），其余来自住房，运输，商品和服务部门。不同年龄组的食物选择和摄入量的差异强烈影响食物氮足迹。年轻的年龄组倾向于消费更多的肉和更少的鱼，这导致了更大的食物氮足迹（e。例如，在一个实施例中，27.5 kg N人均（-1）yr（-1）（20 - 29岁）高于年龄较大的群体（例如，23.0 kg N人均（-1）yr（-1）（70岁以上）。考虑到日本的粮食和饲料进口，人均氮足迹从37.0千克氮人均（-1）年（-1）减少到28.1千克氮人均（-1）年（-1）。大多数进口食品的虚拟氮因子较低（即，Nr粮食生产的损失系数），表明在各自的粮食生产过程中释放到环境中的N较少。由于日本依赖进口食品，与国内生产的食品相比，大部分与食品相关的N损失在出口国释放。
Humans increase the amount of reactive nitrogen (all N species except N-2) in the environment through a number of processes, primarily food and energy production. Once in the environment, excess reactive nitrogen may cause a host of various environmental problems. Understanding and controlling individual nitrogen footprints is important for preserving environmental and human health. In this paper we present the per capita nitrogen footprint of Japan. We considered the effect of the international trade of food and feed, and the impact of dietary preferences among different consumer age groups. Our results indicate that the current average per capita N footprint in Japan considering trade is 28.1 kg N capita(-1) yr(-1). This footprint is dominated by food (25.6 kg N capita(-1) yr(-1)), with the remainder coming from the housing, transportation, and goods and services sectors. The difference in food choices and intake between age groups strongly affected the food N footprint. Younger age groups tend to consume more meat and less fish, which leads to a larger food N footprint (e. g., 27.5 kg N capita(-1) yr(-1) for ages 20 to 29) than for older age groups (e.g., 23.0 kg N capita(-1) yr(-1) for ages over 70). The consideration of food and feed imports to Japan reduced the per capita N footprint from 37.0 kg N capita(-1) yr(-1) to 28.1 kg N capita(-1) yr(-1). The majority of the imported food had lower virtual N factors (i.e., Nr loss factors for food production), indicating that less N is released to the environment during the respective food production processes. Since Japan relies on imported food (ca. 61%) more than food produced domestically, much of the N losses associated with the food products is released in exporting countries.