Meiosis. Volume 1, molecular and genetic methods. Preface.
Meiosis. Volume 1, molecular and genetic methods. Preface.
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减数分裂。
DOI：
10.1007/978-1-59745-527-5
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发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Keeney,Scott
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Keeney,Scott
在有性繁殖的生物中，如苍蝇或老鼠，每一代都要经过减数分裂的瓶颈，减数分裂是一种特殊的细胞分裂，产生单倍体生殖细胞（精子、卵子、孢子等）。减数分裂的主要功能是将基因组补体减少一半，这是通过一轮DNA复制和两轮染色体分离的顺序执行来完成的。在大多数生物体中，在DNA复制和第一次减数分裂之间的延长前期，同源的母系和父系染色体彼此配对并进行同源重组，这建立了连接同源染色体的物理连接，直到它们在后期分离。重组还通过打破连锁群来增加一代到下一代的遗传多样性。一个多世纪以来，减数分裂独特的染色体动力学一直吸引着科学家，但近年来，关于减数分裂染色体如何配对、重组和分离的新信息爆炸式增长。这一进展主要得益于以下三个方面的进展：(1)减数分裂缺陷突变体的遗传鉴定和相关基因的克隆；(2) DNA中间体和重组产物的直接物理检测技术的发展；(3)描述染色体行为和特定蛋白质与减数分裂染色体相关的时空模式的日益复杂的细胞学方法。通常，最大的见解是在这些历史上独立的方法的交叉点上获得的。新的检测方法正在开发，经典方法正在以新的方式应用于各种各样的生物，从单细胞真菌到植物，再到大大小小的动物。这两卷书为研究减数分裂染色体动力学提供了详细的遗传、分子和细胞学方法，特别是同源重组、高阶染色体结构和染色体分离。广泛覆盖了许多经常研究减数分裂的实验生物（例如，酵母酿酒酵母菌和裂糖酵母菌，秀丽隐杆线虫，果蝇黑腹果蝇，植物拟南芥和家鼠）。还提供了适用于人类减数分裂研究的方法，以及其他通常提供独特的实验优势或独特的机制或进化见解的生物。
Each generation in a sexually reproducing organism such as a fly or a mouse passes through the bottleneck of meiosis, which is the specialized cell division that gives rise to haploid reproductive cells (sperm, eggs, spores, etc.). The principal function of meiosis is to reduce the genome complement by half, which is accomplished through sequential execution of one round of DNA replication followed by two rounds of chromosome segregation. Within the extended prophase between DNA replication and the first meiotic division in most organisms, homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes pair with one another and undergo homologous recombination, which establishes physical connections that link the homologous chromosomes until the time they are separated at anaphase I. Recombination also serves to increase genetic diversity from one generation to the next by breaking up linkage groups. The unique chromosome dynamics of meiosis have fascinated scientists for well over a century, but in recent years there has been an explosion of new information about how meiotic chromosomes pair, recombine, and are segregated. Progress has been driven by advances in three main areas:(1) genetic identification of meiosis-defective mutants and cloning of the genes involved;(2) development of direct physical assays for DNA intermediates and products of recombination; and (3) increasingly sophisticated cytological methods that describe chromosome behaviors and the spatial and temporal patterns by which specific proteins associate with meiotic chromosomes. Often, the biggest insights have been obtained at the intersection between these historically separate approaches. New assays are being developed and classical methods are being applied in new ways, all in a diverse range of organisms from single-celled fungi, to plants, to animals both big and small.These two volumes provide detailed protocols for genetic, molecular, and cytological methods for studying meiotic chromosome dynamics, in particular homologous recombination, higher-order chromosome structures, and chromosome segregation. Broad coverage is provided of many of the experimental organisms in which meiosis is often studied (eg, the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and the house mouse Mus musculus). Coverage is also provided of methods applicable to the study of meiosis in humans, as well as in other organisms which often offer distinct experimental advantages or unique mechanistic or evolutionary insights.