Substitution effects in a generalized token economy with pigeons.
Substitution effects in a generalized token economy with pigeons.
复制标题
鸽子广义代币经济中的替代效应。
DOI：
10.1002/jeab.231
复制
发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Hackenberg,TimothyD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Andrade,LeonardoF;Hackenberg,TimothyD
在封闭的代币经济中，鸽子反复在赚取和兑换增强剂专用代币(绿色代币可兑换食物，红色代币可兑换水)和增强剂通用代币(白色代币可兑换食物或水)之间做出选择。食物和绿色食品代币可以在一个面板上获得；水和红色水代币可以在第二个面板上获得；白色通用代币可以在两个面板中的任何一个面板上获得。对一个密钥的响应根据固定比率时间表产生令牌，而对第二个密钥的响应产生交换周期，在此期间所有先前赚取的令牌可以交换为适当的商品。大多数条件是在封闭的经济中进行的，鸽子以允许食物和水消费的方式分配象征性分配。当所有代币的价格相同且较低时，大多数鸽子更喜欢广义代币。当代币生产价格被操纵时，鸽子减少了价格上涨的代币的产量，而增加了保持固定价格的广义代币的产量。后者与替代效应是一致的：广义代币增加，并被换成更昂贵的增强剂。在会议之外免费提供食物和水时，代币生产和交换大幅减少，但并未消除，即使在不再生产代币的情况下也是如此。这些结果与其他最近的数据结合在一起，显示了令牌增强剂的持续普遍功能，并证明了令牌经济方法在实验室环境下评估多种商品的需求和替代的实用性。
Pigeons made repeated choices between earning and exchanging reinforcer‐specific tokens (green tokens exchangeable for food, red tokens exchangeable for water) and reinforcer‐general tokens (white tokens exchangeable for food or water) in a closed token economy. Food and green food tokens could be earned on one panel; water and red water tokens could be earned on a second panel; white generalized tokens could be earned on either panel. Responses on one key produced tokens according to a fixed‐ratio schedule, whereas responses on a second key produced exchange periods, during which all previously earned tokens could be exchanged for the appropriate commodity. Most conditions were conducted in a closed economy, and pigeons distributed their token allocation in ways that permitted food and water consumption. When the price of all tokens was equal and low, most pigeons preferred the generalized tokens. When token‐production prices were manipulated, pigeons reduced production of the tokens that increased in price while increasing production of the generalized tokens that remained at a fixed price. The latter is consistent with a substitution effect: Generalized tokens increased and were exchanged for the more expensive reinforcer. When food and water were made freely available outside the session, token production and exchange was sharply reduced but was not eliminated, even in conditions when it no longer produced tokens. The results join with other recent data in showing sustained generalized functions of token reinforcers, and demonstrate the utility of token‐economic methods for assessing demand for and substitution among multiple commodities in a laboratory context.