Incidence of waterborne lead in private drinking water systems in Virginia
Incidence of waterborne lead in private drinking water systems in Virginia
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DOI：
10.2166/wh.2015.275
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发表时间：
2015-01-01
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Edwards, Marc
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Pieper, Kelsey J.;Krometis, Leigh-Anne H.;Edwards, Marc
尽管最近的研究表明私人饮用水系统中的细菌和硝酸盐污染日益引起人们的关注，但描述与现场管道腐蚀相关的污染物的数据却很少。本研究报告了对私人系统房主提交的 2,146 个样本的分析。提交的首批抽取样品中，近 20% 的铅浓度超过美国环境保护署 15 微克/升的行动水平，这表明腐蚀可能是一个重大的公共卫生问题。铅、铜和锌之间的相关性表明黄铜成分可能是铅来源，并且与钻井相比，挖井/钻孔的铅浓度明显更高。选择用于量化颗粒铅的随机样本子集表明，平均而言，第一次抽取的铅中有 47% 为颗粒形式，尽管出现情况差异很大。对于大多数系统来说，冲洗水龙头可将铅含量降低到 15 μg/L 以下，但某些系统的铅含量却有所增加，这可能是由于颗粒铅或水龙头上游的含铅组件（例如阀门、泵）造成的。结果表明，如果不关注私人和市政系统，将很难实现消除儿童血铅水平升高的现有国家公共卫生目标。
Although recent studies suggest contamination by bacteria and nitrate in private drinking water systems is of increasing concern, data describing contaminants associated with the corrosion of onsite plumbing are scarce. This study reports on the analysis of 2,146 samples submitted by private system homeowners. Almost 20% of first draw samples submitted contained lead concentrations above the United States Environmental Protection Agency action level of 15 mu g/L, suggesting that corrosion may be a significant public health problem. Correlations between lead, copper, and zinc suggested brass components as a likely lead source, and dug/bored wells had significantly higher lead concentrations as compared to drilled wells. A random subset of samples selected to quantify particulate lead indicated that, on average, 47% of lead in the first draws was in the particulate form, although the occurrence was highly variable. While flushing the tap reduced lead below 15 mu g/L for most systems, some systems experienced an increase, perhaps attributable to particulate lead or lead-bearing components upstream of the faucet (e.g., valves, pumps). Results suggest that without including a focus on private as well as municipal systems it will be very difficult to meet the existing national public health goal to eliminate elevated blood lead levels in children.