Changes in the life history traits of the European Map butterfly, Araschnia levana (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with increase in altitude
Changes in the life history traits of the European Map butterfly, Araschnia levana (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with increase in altitude
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欧洲地图蝶Araschnia levana（鳞翅目：蛱蝶科）生活史性状随海拔升高的变化
DOI：
10.14411/eje.2011.057
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发表时间：
2011
影响因子：
5.8
通讯作者：
I. Steffan‐Dewenter
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
K. Wagner;J. Krauss;I. Steffan‐Dewenter
气候条件可以改变物种的生活史特征、种群动态和生物相互作用。因此，对温度等环境因素的适应对于不同海拔的物种生存至关重要。这些适应性反应，遗传固定或塑料（表型可塑性），可以通过生理阈值来确定，并可能在性别之间变化。本研究的目的是确定欧洲地图蝶（Araschnia levana）的生活史特征是否在不同海拔高度有所不同。田间试验是在海拔350 ~ 1010 m的高度梯度上沿着进行的。在一个低山区（巴伐利亚，德国）。将540只蝴蝶幼虫放置在不同海拔高度的18块寄主植物荨麻（Urtica dioica）的种植地中。三周后，收集幼虫并在实验室条件下饲养。测定了蝶类的发育特征、死亡率和寄生率。在较高的海拔和较低的温度下，幼虫的发育一般较慢，幼虫的体重随着海拔的升高和温度的降低而下降。在不同海拔和温度条件下，蛹期、成虫寿命和死亡率差异不显著。雌性幼虫比雄性重，蛹和成虫寿命雌性比雄性长。然而，雄性和雌性蝴蝶对海拔和温度的反应相似（没有显着的相互作用）。采集的188头幼虫均未被寄生。总之，欧洲地图蝶的表型可塑性使其能够适应不同的温度，但性别的策略没有差异。
Climatic conditions can modify the life history traits, population dynamics and biotic interactions of species. Therefore, adaptations to environmental factors such as temperature are crucial for species survival at different altitudes. These adaptive responses, genetically fixed or plastic (phenotypic plasticity), can be determined by physiological thresholds and might vary between sexes. The objective of this study was to determine whether the life history traits of the European Map butterfly (Araschnia levana) differ at different altitudes. A field experiment was carried out along an altitudinal gradient from 350 to 1010 m a.s.l. in a low moun- tainous region (Bavaria, Germany). 540 butterfly larvae were placed at different altitudes in 18 planted plots of their larval host plant, the stinging nettle (Urtica dioica). After three weeks the larvae were collected and reared under laboratory conditions. Devel- opmental traits of the butterflies, mortality and percentage parasitism were measured. Larval development was generally slower at higher altitudes and lower temperatures and larval weight decreased with increasing altitude and decreasing temperature. However, there were no significant differences in pupation, adult lifespan and percentage mortality at the different altitudes and temperatures. Female larvae were heavier than those of males, and the pupal and adult lifespans were longer in females than in males. However, male and female butterflies reacted similarly to altitude and temperature (no significant interactions). None of the 188 larvae col- lected were parasitized. In conclusion, the phenotypic plasticity of European Map butterfly has enabled it to adapt to different tem- peratures, but the strategies of the sexes did not differ.