From fail-safe to safe-to-fail: Sustainability and resilience in the new urban world
From fail-safe to safe-to-fail: Sustainability and resilience in the new urban world
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DOI：
10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.02.021
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发表时间：
2011-04-30
影响因子：
9.1
通讯作者：
Ahern, Jack
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ahern, Jack
21世纪世纪世界的“可持续”程度在很大程度上取决于城市的可持续性。实施可持续发展的早期想法侧重于实现稳定、实行有效管理以及控制变化和增长的概念-一种“防故障”的心态。最近关于变化、干扰、不确定性和适应性的思考是新兴的复原力科学的基础，复原力是指系统在不改变其他状态的情况下从变化和干扰中重组和恢复的能力--换句话说，系统“可以安全地失败”。“虽然韧性的概念在智力上很有趣，但在当代城市规划和设计中，它在很大程度上仍然没有得到实践。本文讨论了弹性理论，因为它适用于城市条件，并提供了一套旨在建立城市弹性能力的战略：多功能性，冗余和模块化，（生物和社会）多样性，多尺度网络和连通性，适应性规划和设计。这些战略在弹性理论和可持续发展科学的背景下进行了讨论，并与从国际案例中选出的创新政策，项目和计划进行了说明。(C)2011爱思唯尔有限公司版权所有。
The extent to which the 21st century world will be "sustainable" depends in large part on the sustainability of cities. Early ideas on implementing sustainability focused on concepts of achieving stability, practicing effective management and the control of change and growth - a "fail-safe" mentality. More recent thinking about change, disturbance, uncertainty, and adaptability is fundamental to the emerging science of resilience, the capacity of systems to reorganize and recover from change and disturbance without changing to other states - in other words, systems that are "safe to fail." While the concept of resilience is intellectually intriguing, it remains largely unpracticed in contemporary urban planning and design. This essay discusses the theory of resilience as it applies to urban conditions, and offers a suite of strategies intended to build urban resilience capacity: multifunctionality, redundancy and modularization, (bio and social) diversity, multi-scale networks and connectivity, and adaptive planning and design. The strategies are discussed in the context of resilience theory and sustainability science, and are illustrated with innovative policies, projects, and programs selected from international examples. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.