Going with the flow: state of the art marine meteorological measurements on the new NERC research vessel
Going with the flow: state of the art marine meteorological measurements on the new NERC research vessel
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随波逐流：新型 NERC 研究船上最先进的海洋气象测量
作者：
Moat B
研究船在海面上获得高质量的气象测量数据。这些测量包括风速和风向、空气和海面温度以及大气湿度。虽然传感器通常维护良好，并位于暴露良好的位置，例如船首的前桅上，但测量中仍然会出现错误。例如，由于船舶本身的存在，导致流向风速计的空气流发生扭曲，从而导致风速测量值出现偏差。取决于船舶对风的定向，气流在流过船舶时可能会大幅上升，加速或减速，并在桅杆和漏斗的顺风处变得高度湍流。提高研究船风速测量的准确性，对于研究大气和海洋之间的物理和化学相互作用十分重要;例如，研究大气和表面沃茨之间的热量、动量和二氧化碳交换率。了解这些交流将有助于更好地了解世界气候。因此，在英国新的研究船RRS James Cook的设计中考虑了气流畸变效应。RRS James Cook（图1）于2006年夏天交付给英国自然环境研究理事会（NERC），取代了2006年6月退役的英国自然环境研究理事会的RRS Charles达尔文号。RRS James Cook长90米，在全球范围内从热带地区到冰盖边缘运行。该船的设计使其能够在比NERC的另一艘研究船RRS Discovery更高的海况和更强的风力下工作。詹姆斯·库克号可以搭载54名科学家和船员，在需要补充燃料之前，可以在海上航行长达50天。在该船的设计阶段，来自南安普顿国家海洋学中心（NOCS）的科学家向海军建筑师提出了一些建议，以指导能够获得最准确风速测量的船舶的生产。NOCS的工作人员建议，新船应该有一个倾斜的，或流线型的上层建筑，以尽量减少气流扭曲的影响，
Research ships obtain high-quality meteorological measurements above the ocean surface. These measurements include wind speed and direction, air and sea surface temperature, and atmospheric humidity. Although the sensors are usually well maintained and located in well-exposed sites, such as on a foremast in the bows of the ship, errors can still occur in the measurements. For example, the wind speed measurements will be biased by the distortion of the flow of air to the anemometer caused by the presence of the ship itself. Depending on the ship’s orientation to the wind, the airflow may be raised substantially as it flows over the ship, accelerated or decelerated and become highly turbulent downwind of masts and funnels. Improving the accuracy of the wind speed measurements from research ships is important for research studies of the physical and chemical interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean; for example, studies which examine the rate at which heat, momentum and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the atmosphere and the surface waters. Understanding these exchanges will contribute to a better understanding of the world’s climate. For this reason, airflow distortion effects were taken into account in the design of the UK’s new research vessel, the RRS James Cook.The RRS James Cook (Figure 1) was delivered to the UK’s Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) in the summer of 2006, and replaced NERC’s RRS Charles Darwin which was decommissioned in June 2006. The RRS James Cook is 90 m in length and operates worldwide from the tropics to the edge of the ice sheets. The ship’s design enables it to work in higher seastates and stronger winds than the NERC’s other research vessel, the RRS Discovery. The RRS James Cook can carry 54 scientists and crew and spend up to 50 days at sea before needing to refuel. During the design stage of this vessel, scientists from the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton,(NOCS) made a number of recommendations to the naval architects to guide the production of a ship capable of obtaining the most accurate wind speed measurements possible. NOCS staff advised that the new ship should have a raked, or streamlined, superstructure to minimize the effects of airflow distortion, and that the