Microglial response to viral challenges: Every silver lining comes with a cloud
Microglial response to viral challenges: Every silver lining comes with a cloud
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DOI：
10.2741/3847
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发表时间：
2011-06-01
影响因子：
3.1
通讯作者：
Basu, Anirban
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Kaushik, Deepak Kumar;Gupta, Malvika;Basu, Anirban
小胶质细胞是中枢神经系统（CNS）的常驻巨噬细胞，介导CNS内针对外来入侵的关键先天免疫应答，并在对附近组织的任何损伤后清除碎片。血脑屏障（BBB）将中枢神经系统与淋巴系统的其他部分隔离，并防止外来分子进入大脑。病原体仍然通过不同的机制穿过BBB，并可引起CNS的严重感染。病毒性脑炎是脑感染的最常见形式，病原体包括日本脑炎病毒（JEV）、西尼罗河病毒（WNV）、墨累谷脑炎病毒（MVEV）、单纯疱疹病毒（HSV）、人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）、巨细胞病毒（CMV）和丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）等。小胶质细胞表达各种模式识别受体（PRRs），以确定病毒的签名，称为病原体相关的分子模式（PAMPs），其中小胶质细胞通过释放几种促炎和抗炎细胞因子，如MCP 1，IL-1 β，I型IFN，IFN-γ，TNF-α等。本文综述了各种病毒感染的大脑和策略采用小胶质细胞来检测它们。
Microglia, the resident macrophages of the Central Nervous System (CNS) mediate key innate immune responses against foreign invasions within the CNS and clear the debris after any damage to the nearby tissue. Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) segregates the CNS from the rest of the lymphatic system and prevents the entry of foreign molecules into the brain. Pathogens still cross the BBB via different mechanisms and can cause severe infections of the CNS. Viral encephalitis is the most common form of brain infection and the causative agents include Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV), West Nile Virus (WNV), Murray Valley Encephalitis Virus (MVEV), Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) among several others. Microglia expresses various Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) to identify viral signatures called Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) to which microglia respond by releasing several pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines like MCP1, IL-1beta, Type I IFN, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha etc. This review discusses the various viral infections of the brain and strategies employed by microglia to detect them.