Efficient Energy Harvesting With Electromagnetic Energy Transducers Using Active Low-Voltage Rectification and Maximum Power Point Tracking
Efficient Energy Harvesting With Electromagnetic Energy Transducers Using Active Low-Voltage Rectification and Maximum Power Point Tracking
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DOI：
10.1109/jssc.2012.2188562
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发表时间：
2012-04
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
D. Maurath;P. Becker;D. Spreemann;Y. Manoli
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. Maurath;P. Becker;D. Spreemann;Y. Manoli
本文报道了用于微能量收集的典型振动驱动电磁换能器的有效接口。出于这个原因，一个自适应电荷泵的动态最大功率点跟踪相比，一种新的有源全波整流器的设计。为了实现高效的超低电压整流，引入的有源二极管设计采用共栅极级和独立于电源的偏置。该有源整流器具有低电压降、低复杂性和超低功耗的特点，而自适应电荷泵则支持动态最大功率点跟踪和隐式电压上变频。因此，利用高电阻换能器的有效能量收集，例如，即使在远高于实际换能器输出电压的缓冲电压水平下，电磁发电机也成为可能。两个接口均采用标准0.35 μm双阱CMOS工艺完全集成。这些设计针对亚mW换能器功率水平和宽电源电压范围进行了优化。因此，这些提出的换能器接口特别适合于紧凑的微型能量收集系统，例如无线传感器节点或医疗植入物。有源二极管整流器在0.48 V至3.3 V的宽输入电压幅值范围内实现了90%以上的效率。自适应电荷泵的总效率接近50%，但与实际缓冲电压非常无关。该电荷泵在0.8 V电源电压下开始工作，输入电压范围为0.5 V-2.5 V。最后，从一个实际的电磁发电机原型收获的结果。
This paper reports on efficient interfacing of typical vibration-driven electromagnetic transducers for micro energy harvesting. For this reason, an adaptive charge pump for dynamic maximum power point tracking is compared with a novel active full-wave rectifier design. For efficient ultra-low voltage rectification, the introduced active diode design uses a common-gate stage in conjunction with supply-independent biasing. While this active rectifier offers low voltage drops, low complexity and ultra-low power consumption, the adaptive charge pump allows dynamic maximum power point tracking with implicit voltage up-conversion. Hence, efficient energy harvesting with high-resistive transducers, e.g., electromagnetic generators, becomes possible even at buffer voltage levels far above actual transducer output voltages. Both interfaces are fully-integrated in a standard 0.35 μm twin-well CMOS process. The designs are optimized for sub-mW transducer power levels and wide supply voltage ranges. Thus, these presented transducer interfaces are particularly suitable for compact micro energy harvesting systems, such as wireless sensor nodes or medical implants. The active diode rectifier achieves efficiencies over 90% at a wide range of input voltage amplitudes of 0.48 V up to 3.3 V. The adaptive charge pump can harvest with a total efficiency of close to 50%, but very independent of the actual buffer voltage. This charge pump starts operating at a supply voltage of 0.8 V, and has an input voltage range of 0.5 V-2.5 V . Finally, results of harvesting from an actual electromagnetic generator prototype are presented.