Evaluation of Stream and Wetland Restoration Using UAS-Based Thermal Infrared Mapping
Evaluation of Stream and Wetland Restoration Using UAS-Based Thermal Infrared Mapping
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DOI：
10.3390/w11081568
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发表时间：
2019-08-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Briggs, Martin A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Harvey, Mark C.;Hare, Danielle K.;Briggs, Martin A.
大规模的湿地恢复往往侧重于修复因人为改变而退化的水文联系。在这些水文联系中，地下水排放是一个重要的目标，因为这些地表水生态系统控制点对热稳定性以及其他生态系统服务都很重要。然而，在大面积和人迹罕至的地形上，评估恢复活动对建立地下水排放连接的有效性往往很困难。无人驾驶飞机系统（UAS）现在通常用于收集航空图像和创建数字表面模型（DSM）。轻型热红外传感器为生成亚米分辨率航空热红外正射影像提供了另一种有效载荷选择。这项技术可以快速和安全地调查地下水排放区。航空TIR水面数据于2019年3月在Tidmarsh Farms收集，Tidmarsh Farms是一个位于美国沿海马萨诸塞州的前商业蔓越莓泥炭地（北纬41度54 ' 17 ''西经70度34 ' 17 ''），2016年完成了溪流和湿地恢复行动。在这里，我们提出了一个0.4公里（2）的地理参考，温度校准TIR正射影像的地区。该图像代表了UAS在一个早晨捕获的近900张TIR图像的拼接，总飞行时间为36分钟，并得到了来自UAS可见光图像的DSM的支持。调查是在冬季进行的，以最大限度地提高相对温暖的地下水和较冷的周围地表环境之间的温度对比;低密度地下水上升到凉爽的地表沃茨之上，因此可以由无人机系统成像。由此产生的TIR正地形图显示了沿着几种恢复的河道形式的渗流分布和下游影响的细节，这是生态恢复设计的目标。恢复的河道增加了泥炭地地下水排放的连通性，减少了生态系统的热压力。这种空中技术可用于指导生态恢复设计和评估恢复后的结果，特别是在生态系统结构和功能受地下水和地表水相互作用控制的情况下。
Large-scale wetland restoration often focuses on repairing the hydrologic connections degraded by anthropogenic modifications. Of these hydrologic connections, groundwater discharge is an important target, as these surface water ecosystem control points are important for thermal stability, among other ecosystem services. However, evaluating the effectiveness of the restoration activities on establishing groundwater discharge connection is often difficult over large areas and inaccessible terrain. Unoccupied aircraft systems (UAS) are now routinely used for collecting aerial imagery and creating digital surface models (DSM). Lightweight thermal infrared (TIR) sensors provide another payload option for generation of sub-meter-resolution aerial TIR orthophotos. This technology allows for the rapid and safe survey of groundwater discharge areas. Aerial TIR water-surface data were collected in March 2019 at Tidmarsh Farms, a former commercial cranberry peatland located in coastal Massachusetts, USA (41 degrees 54 ' 17 '' N 70 degrees 34 ' 17 '' W), where stream and wetland restoration actions were completed in 2016. Here, we present a 0.4 km(2) georeferenced, temperature-calibrated TIR orthophoto of the area. The image represents a mosaic of nearly 900 TIR images captured by UAS in a single morning with a total flight time of 36 min and is supported by a DSM derived from UAS-visible imagery. The survey was conducted in winter to maximize temperature contrast between relatively warm groundwater and colder ambient surface environment; lower-density groundwater rises above cool surface waters and thus can be imaged by a UAS. The resulting TIR orthomosaic shows fine detail of seepage distribution and downstream influence along the several restored channel forms, which was an objective of the ecological restoration design. The restored stream channel has increased connectivity to peatland groundwater discharge, reducing the ecosystem thermal stressors. Such aerial techniques can be used to guide ecological restoration design and assess post-restoration outcomes, especially in settings where ecosystem structure and function is governed by groundwater and surface water interaction.