Development and evolution of adaptive polyphenisms
Development and evolution of adaptive polyphenisms
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DOI：
10.1046/j.1525-142x.2003.03003.x
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发表时间：
2003-01-01
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Nijhout, HF
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Nijhout, HF
表型可塑性是大多数（如果不是所有）性状的原始特征状态。由于发育和生理过程遵循化学和物理定律，它们将对温度、营养供应、离子环境以及各种宏量和微量营养素的可用性等环境变量敏感。根据这种表型可塑性对适应性的影响，进化可能会选择缓冲或引导表型对抗相关环境变化的机制，或者选择修改后的可塑性反应，其中某些表型变化范围适应特定环境。表型可塑性可以是连续的，在这种情况下，它被称为反应规范，或不连续的，在这种情况下，它被称为多型性。虽然形态的不连续性的一些polyphenisms是由离散的发展开关，大多数polyphenisms是由于在环境中的不连续性，诱导只有一部分，在现实中是一个连续的反应规范。在昆虫多型性中，诱导替代表型的环境变量是一种表征性刺激，它作为多型性适应的环境的预测因子，但不是其本身。在迄今为止研究的所有情况下，环境刺激通过改变不同组织中激素分泌的模式或激素敏感性的模式来改变变态的内分泌机制。内分泌相互作用模式的这种变化导致替代性发育途径的执行。内分泌相互作用的空间和时间划分产生了一种发育机制，使形态学的实质性局部变化保持良好的整合到生物体的结构和功能中。
Phenotypic plasticity is the primitive character state for most if not all traits. Insofar as developmental and physiological processes obey the laws of chemistry and physics, they will be sensitive to such environmental variables as temperature, nutrient supply, ionic environment, and the availability of various macro- and micronutrients. Depending on the effect this phenotypic plasticity has on fitness, evolution may proceed to select either for mechanisms that buffer or canalize the phenotype against relevant environmental variation or for a modified plastic response in which some ranges of the phenotypic variation are adaptive to particular environments. Phenotypic plasticity can be continuous, in which case it is called a reaction norm, or discontinuous, in which case it is called a polyphenism. Although the morphological discontinuity of some polyphenisms is produced by discrete developmental switches, most polyphenisms are due to discontinuities in the environment that induce only portions of what is in reality a continuous reaction norm. In insect polyphenisms, the environmental variable that induces the alternative phenotype is a token stimulus that serves as a predictor of, but is not itself, the environment to which the polyphenism is an adaptation. In all cases studied so far, the environmental stimulus alters the endocrine mechanism of metamorphosis by altering either the pattern of hormone secretion or the pattern of hormone sensitivity in different tissues. Such changes in the patterns of endocrine interactions result in the execution of alternative developmental pathways. The spatial and temporal compartmentalization of endocrine interactions has produced a developmental mechanism that enables substantial localized changes in morphology that remain well integrated into the structure and function of the organism.