Assessment of Toxic Metals and Phthalates in Children's Toys and Clays
Assessment of Toxic Metals and Phthalates in Children's Toys and Clays
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DOI：
10.1007/s00244-013-9925-1
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发表时间：
2013-10-01
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Taleb, Robin I.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Korfali, Samira I.;Sabra, Rayan;Taleb, Robin I.
有毒金属和邻苯二甲酸盐被引入到制造塑料玩具和粘土模型。在黎巴嫩，廉价的塑料玩具和粘土模型（在一元店有售）价格实惠，很受欢迎，而且没有立法来监督或管理这类玩具。本研究旨在评估黎巴嫩进口的廉价塑料玩具和模型粘土的质量。玩具中的金属浓度，即锌[未检出（ND）至3,708 μ g/g]、铜（ND至140 μ g）、铬（ND至75 μ g/g）、锡（ND至39 μ g/g）和镉（Cd） （ND至20 μ g/g）低于欧盟（EU）指令限值，而10%的样品中的铅（ND至258 μ g/g）和5%的样品中的锑（Sb） （ND至195 μ g/g）高于欧盟限值。在粘土模型中，除Cd和砷（As）外，大多数金属均低于欧盟指令限值。83%的样品中检出Cd，平均含量为9.1 μ g/g，远高于欧盟指令限值（1.9 μ g/g）。砷的平均含量为4.5 μ g/g，高于欧盟限值（4.0 μ g/g）， 9%的样品中检测到砷。60%的儿童玩具和77%的模型粘土中发现了邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）。邻苯二甲酸丁基酯的PAE含量最高，在一种粘土中为59.1%。然而，在儿童玩具中，二（4-辛基）酯对苯二甲酸是邻苯二甲酸盐浓度最高的，浓度为25.7%。社区调查表明，82%的家庭从廉价商店购买玩具，只有17%的父母意识到这类玩具对健康的危害。因此，提出了一项向儿童提供安全玩具的干预计划。
Toxic metals and phthalates are introduced in the manufacturing of plastic toys and modeling clays. In Lebanon, inexpensive plastic toys and modeling clays (sold in dollar stores) are affordable and popular, and there is no legislation to monitor or regulate such toys. This study aimed to assess the quality of inexpensive plastic toys and modeling clays imported in Lebanon. Metal concentrations in toys, namely, zinc [not detectable (ND) to 3,708 mu g/g], copper (ND to 140), chromium (ND to 75 mu g/g), tin (ND to 39 mu g/g), and cadmium (Cd) (ND to 20 mu g/g), were lower than the European Union (EU) Directive limits, whereas lead (ND to 258 mu g/g) in 10 % of samples and antimony (Sb) (ND to 195 mu g/g) in 5 % of samples were greater than the EU limits. In modeling clays, most of the metals were lower than the EU Directive limits except for Cd and arsenic (As). Cd was detected in 83 % of samples, with a mean level of 9.1 mu g/g, which is far greater than the EU Directive limit (1.9 mu g/g). The As mean level of 4.5 mu g/g was greater than the EU limit (4.0 mu g/g) and was detected in 9 % of samples. Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) were found in 60 % of children's toys and 77 % of modeling clays. Phthalic acid butyl ester had the highest-level PAE encountered and was a parts per thousand currency sign59.1 % in one type of clay. However, among children's toys, di(4-octyl) ester terephthalic acid was the highest encountered phthalate at a concentration of 25.7 %. The community survey indicated that 82 % of households purchase their toys from inexpensive shops and that only 17 % of parents were aware of the health hazard of such toys. Consequently, an intervention plan was proposed for the provision of safe toys to children.