Effects of experimentally reduced snowpack and passive warming on montane meadow plant phenology and floral resources
Effects of experimentally reduced snowpack and passive warming on montane meadow plant phenology and floral resources
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DOI：
10.1002/ecs2.1745
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发表时间：
2017-03
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
J. Sherwood;D. Debinski;Petruta Caragea;M. Germino
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Sherwood;D. Debinski;Petruta Caragea;M. Germino
气候变化可对生态系统和生物体产生广泛的影响，早期反应可能包括植被物候和生产力的变化，这些变化可能与较高营养水平的能量学和觅食时间不一致。我们评估了物候，年高增长，和叶霜冻的影响因子实验的雪去除（SR）和变暖的高海拔草甸在落基山脉，美国。物种包括箭叶香脂根（Balsamorhiza sagittata，早季节出现和开花）和荞麦（Eriogonum umbellatum，半木质和晚季节开花），广泛分布在北美西部的传粉者和花蜜使用动物群落的关键杂类植物。除雪比变暖产生更强的影响，并为每个物种不同的先进物候。具体来说，SR提前了几天为B的绿色。sagittata）至>2 wk。umbellatum，使B提前5 ~ 11 d开花。3种/yr组合的萌芽期提前。除雪增加了E.伞形花序（对照为22.8 cm，增加约5 cm），但B花的霜冻危害显著增加。箭形。升温对E.伞形花序，增加了B的高度。sagittata>6 cm（对照地块为30.7 cm），并且还导致对花朵的霜冻损害明显减少。这些数据表明，时间的融雪，这是高度可变的，每年，但在最近几十年来，有更大的影响，这些关键的物候，生长和花卉生存性状和花卉/花蜜资源比变暖本身，虽然变暖减轻早期影响SR霜冻杀死的花。鉴于这些物种的生长季节很短，这种变化可能会导致花蜜供应和觅食时间的脱节。
Climate change can have a broad range of effects on ecosystems and organisms, and early responses may include shifts in vegetation phenology and productivity that may not coincide with the energetics and forage timing of higher trophic levels. We evaluated phenology, annual height growth, and foliar frost responses of forbs to a factorial experiment of snow removal (SR) and warming in a high-elevation meadow over two years in the Rocky Mountains, United States. Species included arrowleaf balsamroot (Balsamorhiza sagittata, early-season emergence and flowering) and buckwheat (Eriogonum umbellatum, semi-woody and late-season flowering), key forbs for pollinator and nectar-using animal communities that are widely distributed and locally abundant in western North America. Snow removal exerted stronger effects than did warming, and advanced phenology differently for each species. Specifically, SR advanced green-up by a few days for B. sagittata to >2 wk in E. umbellatum, and led to 5- to 11-d advances in flowering of B. sagittata in one year and advances in bud break in 3 of 4 species/yr combinations. Snow removal increased height of E. umbellatum appreciably (~5 cm added to ~22.8 cm in control), but led to substantial increases in frost damage to flowers of B. sagittata. Whereas warming had no effects on E. umbellatum, it increased heights of B. sagittata by >6 cm (compared to 30.7 cm in control plots) and moreover led to appreciable reductions in frost damage to flowers. These data suggest that timing of snowmelt, which is highly variable from year to year but is advancing in recent decades, has a greater impact on these critical phenological, growth, and floral survival traits and floral/nectar resources than warming per se, although warming mitigated early effects of SR on frost kill of flowers. Given the short growing season of these species, the shifts could cause uncoupling in nectar availability and timing of foraging.