Definition of Research Misconduct
Definition of Research Misconduct
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研究不当行为的定义
DOI：
10.21649/akemu.v19i2.493
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
S. Awais
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Awais
遗憾的是，尽管大多数研究不端行为包括伪造、捏造和剽窃，但并没有一个统一的定义。2000年，医学委员会、专业协会、基金会和工业界再次参加了“生物医学研究中的不当行为会议”，并发布了一个更广泛的定义，规定“研究者故意或无意的行为，福尔斯达不到良好的道德和科学标准”。 英国最大的生物医学慈善机构“欢迎信托”将不当行为定义为; “在提出、进行或报告研究结果时捏造、伪造、剽窃或欺骗，或在进行研究时故意、危险或疏忽地偏离公认的做法。它包括不遵守既定的协议，如果这种失败导致不合理的风险或损害人类，其他脊椎动物，或环境和促进不当行为的研究，共谋，或concealment，这样的行动，由他人。它还包括故意、未经授权使用、披露或移除或损坏另一方的研究相关财产，包括研究过程中使用的仪器、材料、文字、数据、硬件或软件或任何其他物质或器械。它不包括在评估研究方法或结果时在设计、执行、解释或判断方面的诚实错误或诚实差异，也不包括与研究过程无关的不当行为。同样，它也不包括拙劣的研究，除非这包含欺骗的意图”。 2000年，“白宫科技政策办公室”，发布了一个联邦对研究不端行为的定义。2002年4月，美国国家科学基金会（NCF）采纳了这一政策，并按照NSF的定义发布; “研究不端行为”是指在提出或执行由NSF资助的研究、审查提交给NSF的研究提案或报告由NSF资助的研究结果时的捏造、伪造或剽窃行为。(1) Fabrication means making up data or results and recording or reporting them. (2) Falsification means manipulating research mate-rials, equipment, or processes.或更改或省略数据或结果，使研究在研究记录中没有准确表示。(3) Plagiarism means the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results or words without giving appreciate credit. (4) Research, for purposes of paragraph (a) of this section, includes proposals submitted to NSF in all fields of sciences, engineering, mathematics, and education and results from such proposals. (5) Research misconduct does not include honest error or difference of opinion.
Unfortunately, a single definition of research miscon-duct does not exist, although most of them include falsification, fabrication and plagiarism. In 2000, re-presentatives of medical councils, professional socie-ties, foundations and industry joined at "a Conference on Misconduct in Biomedical Research" and issued a broader definition that states "Behavior by a Resea-rcher intentional or not that falls short of good ethical and scientific standards". Britain's largest biomedical charity " The welcome Trust " defines misconduct as; "Fabrication, falsification, plagiarism or deception in proposing, carrying out, or reporting results of rese-arch or deliberate, dangerous or negligent deviations from accepted practices in carrying out research. It includes failure to follow established protocols if this failure results in unreasonable risk or harms to hum-ans, other vertebrates, or the environment and facilita-ting of misconduct in research by collusion in, or con-cealment of, such actions by others. It also includes intentional, unauthorized use, disclosure, or removal or damage to research related property of another includ-ing apparatus, materials, writing, data, hardware or software or any other substances or devices used in the conduct of research. It does not include honest error or honest differences in the design, execution, interpreta-tion or judgment in evaluating research methods or results or misconduct unrelated to the research process. Similarly it does not include poor research unless this encompasses the intention to deceive". In 2000, the "White House Office of Science and Technology Policy", issued a federal definition of research misconduct. In April 2002 US National Scie-nce Foundation (NCF) adopted this policy and relea-sed following NSF definition; "Research Misconduct" means fabrication, falsifi-cation, or plagiarism in proposing or performing resea-rch funded by NSF, reviewing research proposals sub-mitted to NSF, or in reporting research results funded by NSF. (1) Fabrication means making up data or results and recording or reporting them. (2) Falsification means manipulating research mate-rials, equipment, or processes. Or changing or omitting data or results such that research is not accurately represented in the research record. (3) Plagiarism means the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results or words without giving appreciate credit. (4) Research, for purposes of paragraph (a) of this section, includes proposals submitted to NSF in all fields of sciences, engineering, mathematics, and education and results from such proposals. (5) Research misconduct does not include honest error or difference of opinion.