Crisis foreign policy as a process of self-organization
Crisis foreign policy as a process of self-organization
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危机外交政策是一个自组织的过程
DOI：
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
K. Lehmann
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
K. Lehmann
外交政策危机历来被视为转折点。避免危机，或在危机发生时加以解决，一直是国际政治的一个关键目标。从历史上看，对危机的反应遵循明确和可预测的模式：权力集中在行政领导人周围，行政领导人反过来利用这种权力制定一个看似明确的反应，应该导致一个明确的目的，即解决危机。这一框架已被应用于从世界大战到短期事件的各种事件，并被载入许多州的宪法，并被纳入国家官僚体系。它基于秩序、还原论、可预测性和决定论。在这项工作中，它将认为，这种反应是基于对危机代表什么的误解。它将表明，危机代表复杂的适应系统。政治领导人应对危机时应迅速下放政策进程的权力，以便启动自我组织进程。将就如何做到这一点提出建议。
Foreign policy crises have traditionally been seen as turning points. Avoiding crises or, if they occur, resolving them has been a key objective of international politics. Historically, responses to crises have followed clear and predictable patterns: power centralizes around the leader of the executive, who, in turn, uses such power to formulate a seemingly unambiguous response that should lead to a clear end, the resolution of the crisis. This framework has been applied to events ranging from world wars to short-term events and is enshrined in many state constitutions, as well as built into national bureaucratic systems. It is based on order, reductionism, predictability and determinism. In this work, it will be argued that such responses are based on a misconception of what crises represent. It will be shown that crises represent complex adaptive systems. Political leaders should respond to crises by quickly decentralizing the policy process in order to enable a process of self-organization. Suggestions will be made on how this should be done.