North-East Pacific: Interactions on intertidal hard substrata and alteration by human impacts
North-East Pacific: Interactions on intertidal hard substrata and alteration by human impacts
复制标题
东北太平洋：潮间带硬质基质的相互作用以及人类影响造成的改变
DOI：
10.1017/9781108235792.011
复制
发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Menge, B.a.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fenberg, P.;Menge, B.a.
岩石潮间带的植物群和动物群是地球上生物多样性最丰富的地区之一--不是从物种丰富度的角度来看，而是从更高分类类别的多样性和密度的角度来看。所有主要的动物门都可以在岩石潮间带找到，有时每种动物的代表都栖息在一块岩石或巨石上。除了这种系统发育的多样性，岩石潮间带可能是最古老的栖息地之一，因为它是在生命多样化之前就开始运动的天体力学的必然和持续的结果。当建议读者'。. .从潮汐池看星星，然后再回到潮汐池“，斯坦贝克和里基茨（1951）似乎强调了这一点，同时倡导一个整体的方法来进行生态研究。几年前，里基茨和卡尔文在他们的经典著作《太平洋潮汐之间》（里基茨等人，1985年）。自《太平洋潮汐之间》（1939年）第一版以来，NEP已被广泛认为是实验生态学家的理想天然实验室，也是更多专注于观察的生态学家寻求了解宏观生态和生物地理模式的平台。当然，试图对这一广泛的研究进行全面的回顾超出了本章的范围。相反，我们专注于一对夫妇的广泛的主题，是我们目前的基本生态，进化和保护的主题，受益于NEP岩石潮间带的案例研究的理解。本章的前半部分涉及生物和非生物因素影响物种广泛丰度和分布模式的最新工作，以及这些模式如何受到人类影响。第二部分回顾了人类直接和间接影响对岩石潮间带群落结构和功能的自上而下和自下而上控制作用的最新研究。
The flora and fauna of the rocky intertidal zone are among the most biologically diverse on the planet – not in terms of species richness, but of the diversity and density of higher taxonomic categories. All of the major animal phyla can be found in the rocky intertidal, sometimes with representatives of each inhabiting a single rock or boulder. In addition to this phylogenetic diversity, the rocky intertidal may be one of the most ancient of habitats because it is a necessary and continual result of celestial mechanics set in motion prior to the diversification of life. When advising readers to ‘. . . look from the tide pool to the stars and then back to the tide pool again’, Steinbeck and Ricketts (1951) seemed to underline this point while advocating for a holistic approach to ecological research. A few years earlier, Ricketts and Calvin set out to comprehensively document what was then known about the ecology of the north-eastern Pacific (NEP) rocky intertidal in their classic book, Between Pacific Tides (Ricketts et al., 1985). Since the first edition of Between Pacific Tides (1939), the NEP has become widely recognised as an ideal natural laboratory for experimental ecologists and as a platform for more observationally focussed ecologists seeking to understand macroecological and biogeographical patterns. It is, of course, outside the scope of this chapter to attempt a comprehensive review of this extensive research. Rather, we focus on a couple of broad topics that are central to our current understanding of fundamental ecological, evolutionary and conservation topics that have benefitted from NEP rocky intertidal case studies. The first half of the chapter deals with recent work on the biotic and abiotic factors influencing patterns of range wide abundance and distribution of species, and how such patterns are being affected by human impacts. The second half reviews the latest research on the role of direct and indirect human impacts on topdown and bottom-up control of rocky intertidal community structure and functioning.