Emissions from Electronic Cigarettes: Key Parameters Affecting the Release of Harmful Chemicals
Emissions from Electronic Cigarettes: Key Parameters Affecting the Release of Harmful Chemicals
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DOI：
10.1021/acs.est.6b01741
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发表时间：
2016-09-06
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Destaillats, Hugo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Sleiman, Mohamad;Logue, Jennifer M.;Destaillats, Hugo
在过去几年里，电子烟的使用呈指数级增长，引发了人们对有害排放物的担忧。这项研究量化了蒸汽中潜在的有毒化合物，并确定了影响排放的关键参数。三种不同补充“电子液体”的六种主要成分是丙二醇（PG）、甘油、尼古丁、乙醇、乙酰醇和环氧丙烷。后者的质量浓度为0.4-0.6%，可能是致癌物和呼吸道刺激物。由蒸发器产生的气溶胶含有多达31种化合物，包括尼古丁、烟碱、甲醛、乙醛、甘油、丙烯醛、乙酰和双乙酰。甘油是一种可能的致癌物，以前没有在蒸汽中发现，丙烯醛是一种强烈的刺激物。每毫克电子液体蒸发的排放率从几十到几千毫微克不等，单线圈蒸发器比双线圈蒸发器的排放率要高得多（醛的排放率高达一个数量级）。通过将施加在单线圈装置上的电压从3.3 V增加到4.8 V，消耗的电子液体质量从3.7毫克增加到7.5毫克（-1），总醛排放率从53毫克增加到165毫克（-1），丙烯醛排放率增加了10倍。在装置重复使用几次后，醛的排放量增加了60%以上，可能是由于加热后降解的聚合副产物的积累。这些发现表明热降解副产物是在蒸汽生成过程中形成的。甘油醇和丙烯醛主要由甘油降解产生。乙酰醇和2-丙烯-1-醇主要由PG产生，而其他化合物（如甲醛）则来自这两种化合物。由于排放物来自最常见的电子液体成分（溶剂）的反应，因此当电子烟蒸汽存在时，有害排放物预计将无处不在。
Use of electronic cigarettes has grown exponentially over the past few years, raising concerns about harmful emissions. This study quantified potentially toxic compounds in the vapor and identified key parameters affecting emissions. Six principal constituents in three different refill "e-liquids" were propylene glycol (PG), glycerin, nicotine, ethanol, acetol, and propylene oxide. The latter, with mass concentrations of 0.4-0.6%, is a possible carcinogen and respiratory irritant. Aerosols generated with vaporizers contained up to 31 compounds, including nicotine, nicotyrine, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glycidol, acrolein, acetol, and diacetyl. Glycidol is a probable carcinogen not previously identified in the vapor, and acrolein is a powerful irritant. Emission rates ranged from tens to thousands of nanograms of toxicants per milligram of e-liquid vaporized, and they were significantly higher for a single-coil vs a double-coil vaporizer (by up to an order of magnitude for aldehydes). By increasing the voltage applied to a single-coil device from 3.3 to 4.8 V, the mass of e-liquid consumed doubled from 3.7 to 7.5 mg puff(-1) and the total aldehyde emission rates tripled from 53 to 165 mu g puff(-1), with acrolein rates growing by a factor of 10. Aldehyde emissions increased by more than 60% after the device was reused several times, likely due to the buildup of polymerization byproducts that degraded upon heating. These findings suggest that thermal degradation byproducts are formed during vapor generation. Glycidol and acrolein were primarily produced by glycerin degradation. Acetol and 2-propen-1-ol were produced mostly from PG, while other compounds (e.g., formaldehyde) originated from both. Because emissions originate from reaction of the most common e-liquid constituents (solvents), harmful emissions are expected to be ubiquitous when e-cigarette vapor is present.