Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition
Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition
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DOI：
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.038
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发表时间：
2011-08-15
影响因子：
9.8
通讯作者：
Dave, Goran
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lithner, Delilah;Larsson, Ake;Dave, Goran
塑料构成了一个庞大的材料集团，全球年产量在15年内翻了一番（2008年为2.45亿吨）。塑料在社会和环境中无处不在，尤其是海洋环境，积聚了大量的塑料废物。与塑料制品多样性相关的化学品对人类和环境的危害和风险的认识非常有限。大多数用于生产塑料聚合物的化学品都来自不可再生的原油，其中一些是危险的。这些物质可能在塑料制品的生产、使用和处置过程中释放出来。在这项研究中，鉴定和汇编了55种热塑性和热固性聚合物中使用的化学品对环境和健康的危害。在联合国全球协调制度的基础上，对欧盟分类和标签（CLP）法规中的危害等级和类别开发了危害排序模型。根据单体危害分类对聚合物进行了排序，并进行了初步评估。被列为最危险的聚合物是由被分类为诱变和/或致癌（1A或1B类）的单体制成的。这些属于聚合物家族的聚氨酯，聚丙烯腈，聚氯乙烯，环氧树脂和苯乙烯共聚物。它们都有很大的全球年产量（100 - 3700万吨）。相当多的聚合物（55个中的31个）是由属于排名模型五个危险级别中最差的两个级别的单体构成的，即级别IV-V。由IV级单体制成的聚合物，全球年产量（1-5百万吨）很大，包括酚醛树脂、不饱和聚酯、聚碳酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯和脲醛树脂。这项研究确定了聚合物生产中使用的有害物质，应对其风险进行评估，以决定是否需要采取降低风险措施、替代或甚至逐步淘汰。(C) 2011 Elsevier B.V.版权所有
Plastics constitute a large material group with a global annual production that has doubled in 15 years (245 million tonnes in 2008). Plastics are present everywhere in society and the environment, especially the marine environment, where large amounts of plastic waste accumulate. The knowledge of human and environmental hazards and risks from chemicals associated with the diversity of plastic products is very limited. Most chemicals used for producing plastic polymers are derived from non-renewable crude oil, and several are hazardous. These may be released during the production, use and disposal of the plastic product. In this study the environmental and health hazards of chemicals used in 55 thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers were identified and compiled. A hazard ranking model was developed for the hazard classes and categories in the EU classification and labelling (CLP) regulation which is based on the UN Globally Harmonized System. The polymers were ranked based on monomer hazard classifications, and initial assessments were made. The polymers that ranked as most hazardous are made of monomers classified as mutagenic and/or carcinogenic (category 1A or 1B). These belong to the polymer families of polyurethanes, polyacrylonitriles, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy resins, and styrenic copolymers. All have a large global annual production (1-37 million tonnes). A considerable number of polymers (31 out of 55) are made of monomers that belong to the two worst of the ranking model's five hazard levels, i.e. levels IV-V. The polymers that are made of level IV monomers and have a large global annual production (1-5 million tonnes) are phenol formaldehyde resins, unsaturated polyesters, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, and urea-formaldehyde resins. This study has identified hazardous substances used in polymer production for which the risks should be evaluated for decisions on the need for risk reduction measures, substitution, or even phase out. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.