Palaeontological evidence reveals convergent evolution of intervertebral joint types in amniotes
Palaeontological evidence reveals convergent evolution of intervertebral joint types in amniotes
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DOI：
10.1038/s41598-020-70751-2
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发表时间：
2020-08
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
T. Wintrich;M. Scaal;Christine Böhmer;R. Schellhorn;Ilja Kogan;Ilja Kogan;Aaron J. van der Reest;P. M. Sander;P. M. Sander
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文献类型：
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作者：
T. Wintrich;M. Scaal;Christine Böhmer;R. Schellhorn;Ilja Kogan;Ilja Kogan;Aaron J. van der Reest;P. M. Sander;P. M. Sander
椎间盘（IVD）一直被认为是哺乳动物所特有的。古组织学采样的17个大部分灭绝的分支在整个的脊椎动物树显示保存不同的椎间软组织类型（软骨，可能脊索）在现存的爬行动物。骨组织的分布使我们能够推断关节的软组织解剖结构。令人惊讶的是，我们还在爬行动物化石中发现了IVD的证据，包括非鸟类恐龙，鱼龙，蛇颈龙和海洋鳄鱼。基于化石数据集，我们通过祖先特征状态重建追溯了脊椎间关节的演化。IVD至少进化了两次，在哺乳动物和灭绝的双足爬行动物中。从这种爬行动物IVD，现存的爬行动物群体和一些非鸟类恐龙独立地进化出一种滑膜球窝关节。独特的鸟类背椎间关节是从这种恐龙关节进化而来的。鳄蜥和一些壁虎恢复了祖先的脊索。
The intervertebral disc (IVD) has long been considered unique to mammals. Palaeohistological sampling of 17 mostly extinct clades across the amniote tree revealed preservation of different intervertebral soft tissue types (cartilage, probable notochord) seen in extant reptiles. The distribution of the fossilised tissues allowed us to infer the soft part anatomy of the joint. Surprisingly, we also found evidence for an IVD in fossil reptiles, including non-avian dinosaurs, ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and marine crocodiles. Based on the fossil dataset, we traced the evolution of the amniote intervertebral joint through ancestral character state reconstruction. The IVD evolved at least twice, in mammals and in extinct diapsid reptiles. From this reptilian IVD, extant reptile groups and some non-avian dinosaurs independently evolved a synovial ball-and-socket joint. The unique birds dorsal intervertebral joint evolved from this dinosaur joint. The tuatara and some geckos reverted to the ancestral persisting notochord.