Macroevolution is more than repeated rounds of microevolution
Macroevolution is more than repeated rounds of microevolution
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DOI：
10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00045.x
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发表时间：
2000-03-01
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Erwin, DH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Erwin, DH
在20世纪的大部分时间里，关于宏观进化与微观进化的争论起起落落。最初，古生物学家和其他进化生物学家提出了各种非达尔文进化过程来解释化石记录中发现的模式，强调宏观进化是形态新颖性的来源。后来，从辛普森到古尔德、斯坦利等古生物学家接受了自然选择的首要地位，但认为快速的物种形成造成了微观和宏观进化之间的不连续性。第二阶段强调物种间创新的分类。其他的不连续性表现在趋势的持续（分支内物种的差异成功），包括物种分类，分支之间的差异成功以及进化新颖性的起源和建立。这些不连续性给进化强加了一种等级结构，并使任何从等位基因替代到大规模进化模式的顺利外推都变得不可信。比较发育生物学的最新发展表明，有必要重新考虑一些宏观进化中断可能与进化创新起源有关的可能性。宏观进化的吸引力反映了对大规模模式的详尽记录，这些模式揭示了微进化无法解释的丰富进化。如果进化生物学的目标是理解生命的历史，而不是简单地记录进化的实验分析，那么古生物学、系统发育学、发育生物学和其他领域的研究就需要宏观进化提供的更深入的观点。
Arguments over macroevolution versus microevolution have waxed and waned through most of the twentieth century. Initially, paleontologists and other evolutionary biologists advanced a variety of non-Darwinian evolutionary processes as explanations for patterns found in the fossil record, emphasizing macroevolution as a source of morphologic novelty. Later, paleontologists, from Simpson to Gould, Stanley, and others, accepted the primacy of natural selection but argued that rapid speciation produced a discontinuity between micro- and macroevolution. This second phase emphasizes the sorting of innovations between species. Other discontinuities appear in the persistence of trends (differential success of species within clades), including species sorting, in the differential success between clades and in the origination and establishment of evolutionary novelties. These discontinuities impose a hierarchical structure to evolution and discredit any smooth extrapolation from allelic substitution to large-scale evolutionary patterns. Recent developments in comparative developmental biology suggest a need to reconsider the possibility that some macroevolutionary discontinuites may be associated with the origination of evolutionary innovation. The attractiveness of macroevolution reflects the exhaustive documentation of large-scale patterns which reveal a richness to evolution unexplained by microevolution. If the goal of evolutionary biology is to understand the history of life, rather than simply document experimental analysis of evolution, studies from paleontology, phylogenetics, developmental biology, and other fields demand the deeper view provided by macroevolution.